Fig. 1

Heatmap of spearman correlations matrix. Legend: The magnitude of the r value is denoted by blue color for positive correlations and red color for negative correlations. CF1: Communication and Information; CF2: Staff Competency and Performance; CF3: Process Issues; CF4: Human Factors; CF5: Manpower Planning Issues; CF6: Leadership and Safety Culture; CF7: Equipment / Technology; CF8: Environmental Factors; CF9: Others; CF10: Not Categorized; LH1: Death; LH2: Permanent Harm; LH3: Severe temporary harm; LH4: No harm; D1: Teamwork Within Units; D2: Supervisor/Manager Expectations and Actions Promoting Patient Safety; D3: Organizational Learning—Continuous Improvement; D4: Management Support for Patient Safety; D5: Overall Perceptions of Patient Safety; D6: Feedback and Communication About Error; D7: Communication Openness; D8: Frequency of Events Reported; D9: Teamwork Across Units; D10: Staffing; D11: Handoffs and Transitions; D12: Nonpunitive Response to Error; D_All: Average percent positive across domains; PER: % Positive Events Reported (at least one event during the last 12 months); POSG: % Patient Overall Safety Grade. Statistical significance markers: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001