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Table 2 Influence of women’s empowerment indices on the utilization of health facilities during childbirth in Sierra Leone

From: Women empowerment indices and utilization of health facilities during childbirth: evidence from the 2019 Sierra Leone demographic health survey

Characteristics

N = 5997

N = 5997

N = 5997

N = 5997

N = 5997

Influencer variables

Bivariable cOR (95% CI)

Influencer domain

aOR (95%CI)

Resource domain

aOR (95%CI)

Decision domain

aOR (95%CI)

Full model

aOR (95%CI)

Age

 35 to 49

1

   

1

 20 to 34

1.39 (1.17–1.65)†

1.26 (1.05–1.52)*

  

1.10 (0.88–1.36)

 15 to 19

1.55 (1.04–2.30)†

1.50 (0.98–2.31)

  

1.23 (0.75–2.01)

Residence

 Rural

1

1

  

1

 Urban

2.12 (1.60–2.81)‡

1.95 (1.41–2.68)‡

  

1.18 (0.80–1.75)

Region

 Western

1

1

  

1

 Southern

0.75 (0.48–1.15)

1.64 (1.01–2.66)*

  

2.25 (1.34–3.78)†

 Northwestern

0.27 (0.18–0.40)‡

0.56 (0.36–0.88)*

  

0.71 (0.43–1.16)

 Northern

0.66 (0.43–1.01)

1.34 (0.83–2.16)

  

1.69 (1.01–2.82)*

 Eastern

1.42 (0.81–2.51)

2.86 (1.60–5.14)‡

  

3.71 (2.03–6.77)‡

Religion

 Islam

1

1

  

1

 Christianity and others

1.46 (1.11–1.92)†

1.00 (0.75–1.34)

  

0.91 (0.68–1.22)

Sex household heada

 Male

1

-

  

-

 Female

0.89 (0.72–1.11)

    

Marriage type

 Monogamy

1

1

  

1

 Polygamy

0.61 (0.51–0.72)‡

0.76 (0.64–0.91)†

  

0.82 (0.69–0.98)*

Mass media exposure

 No

1

1

  

1

 Yes

1.66 (1.33–2.07)‡

1.44 (1.15–1.80)†

  

1.18 (0.95–1.48)

 Age at first birth

 18 and above

1

1

  

1

 Less than 18

1.2 (1.03–1.40)*

1.16 (0.98–1.36)

  

1.22 (1.02–1.45)*

Resource Variables

Working status

 Not working

1

 

1

 

1

 Working

0.77 (0.60–0.99)*

 

1.04 (0.81–1.33)

 

1.00 (0.78–1.29)

Owning a house

 No

1

 

1

 

1

 Jointly only

0.88 (0.73–1.06)

 

1.12 (0.88–1.42)

 

1.14 (0.89–1.46)

 Both alone and jointly

0.62 (0.45–0.86)†

 

0.95 (0.63–1.42)

 

0.85 (0.57–1.26)

 Alone only

1.39 (0.89–2.17)

 

1.59 (1.01–2.52)*

 

1.29 (0.79–2.09)

Owning land

 No

1

 

1

 

1

 Jointly only

0.78 (0.64–0.96)*

 

1.00 (0.77–1.30)

 

1.01 (0.77–1.33)

 Both alone and jointly

0.49 (0.34–0.71)‡

 

0.73 (0.47–1.12)

 

1.01 (0.63–1.60)

 Alone only

1.06 (0.70–1.59)

 

1.19 (0.77–1.83)

 

1.00 (0.62–1.60)

Education Level

 No Education

1

 

1

 

1

 Primary Education

1.48 (1.15–1.91)‡

 

1.37 (1.07–1.76)*

 

1.26 (0.99–1.61)

 Post-primary Education

2.42 (1.89–3.09)‡

 

1.79 (1.41–2.28)‡

 

1.58 (1.21–2.06)†

Husband Education

 None

1

 

1

 

1

 Primary

1.58 (1.15–2.18)†

 

1.33 (0.96–1.83)

 

1.22 (0.87–1.71)

 Secondary

1.65 (1.28–2.13)‡

 

1.14 (0.89–1.46)

 

1.06 (0.82–1.37)

 Tertiary

2.60 (1.71–3.94)‡

 

1.33 (0.86–2.06)

 

1.24 (0.79–1.94)

Wealth Index

 Poorest

1

 

1

 

1

 Poorer

1.11 (0.90–1.36)

 

1.06 (0.86–1.32)

 

1.26 (1.01–1.57)*

 Middle

1.29 (0.99–1.68)

 

1.20 (0.92–1.56)

 

1.33 (1.02–1.74)*

 Richer

1.73 (1.28–2.33)‡

 

1.45 (1.06–1.20)*

 

1.34 (0.90–1.98)

 Richest

3.37 (2.14–5.33)‡

 

2.53 (1.56–4.09)‡

 

2.42 (1.31–4.46)†

Decision making

Accessing healthcare

 Partner alone

1

  

1

1

 Woman alone

0.79 (0.57–1.09)

  

0.60 (0.39–0.92)*

0.81 (0.51–1.27)

 Woman and Partner

1.13 (0.92–1.38)

  

0.96 (0.69–1.33)

0.98 (0.70–1.37)

Major purchases

 Partner alone

1

  

1

1

 Woman alone

0.99 (0.76–1.30)

  

1.10 (0.79–1.53)

1.27 (0.91–1.79)

 Woman and Partner

1.18 (0.96–1.46)

  

1.16 (0.82–1.65)

1.34 (0.99–1.82)

Visiting

 Partner alone

1

  

1

1

 Woman alone

1.21 (0.88–1.66)

  

1.45 (0.96–2.21)

1.01 (0.66–1.53)

 Woman and Partner

1.14 (0.93–1.40)

  

1.07 (0.77–1.49)

0.86 (0.63–1.18)

Spending husband’s earnings

 Partner alone

1

  

-

 

 Woman alone

0.87 (0.64–1.18)

    

 Woman and Partner

1.09 (0.88–1.36)

    
  1. a p-value above 0.25 at bivariable level, *p-value < 0.05, † p-value < 0.01 ‡ p-value < 0.001. Full model included confounders; parity, distance to health facility, ANC attendance and visit by field health worker.