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Table 1 Description of included studies

From: Rural and urban differences in quality of dementia care of persons with dementia and caregivers across all domains: a systematic review

Author, year

Country

Source of Data

N. of PWD /

caregivers

% of rural PWD / caregivers

Type of patients

% women

Mean age of PWD

Country’s level of income

Healthcare system

Access

Integration

Effective Care

Efficient Care

Population health

Safety

Patient Centered Care

Ahn, 2015

South Korea

admin data/insurance claims

6 461

10%

PWD

70%

76.4

High

Universal public

  

x

    

Antonelli, 1992

Italy

interviews

38

29%

PWD

68%*

78.0*

High

Universal gov.-funded

  

x

    

Bo, 2019

China

admin data/insurance claims

46 204

68%

PWD

56%

N/A

Upper-middle

Universal public

    

x

  

Bohlken, 2015

Germany

admin data/insurance claims

1 014 710

15%

PWD

68%

N/A

High

Universal public/private

  

x

  

x

 

Chen, 2014

China

interviews

3 336

NR

PWD

52%

71.8

Upper-middle

Universal public

    

x

  

Clark, 2005

USA

interviews

79

42%

PWD and caregiver dyad

85%

75.3

High

Non-universalŧ

  

x

    

Cross, 2020, 2021

USA

admin data/insurance claims

2 778 592

18%

PWD

69%

N/A

High

Non-universalŧ

    

x

 

x

Crouch, 2019

USA

admin data/insurance claims

7 895

20%

PWD

69%

N/A

High

Non-universalŧ

x

  

x

  

x

Ehrlich, 2015

Sweden

survey/questionnaire

102

44%

Caregiver responding for PWD

70%

66.3

High

Universal gov.-funded

   

x

   

Forbes, 2006

Canada

admin data/insurance claims

313

26%

PWD and caregiver responding for PWD

47%

N/A

High

Universal gov.-funded

x

x

    

x

Forstner, 2019

Germany

admin data/insurance claims

79 349

16%

PWD

82%

82.8

High

Universal public/private

      

x

Giebel, 2021

Wales

patient records and admin data/insurance claims

34 514

69%

PWD

68%

84.0

High

Universal gov.-funded

      

x

GraßeL, 2010

Germany

survey/questionnaire

404

44%

Caregiver responding for PWD

64%

78.8

High

Universal public/private

      

x

Guthrie, 2010

Scotland

admin data/insurance claims

271 365

0%

PWD

70%

N/A

High

Universal gov.-funded

     

x

 

Hoffman, 2011, van den bussche, 2011

Germany

admin data/insurance claims

1 848

28%

PWD

48%

78,7

High

Universal public/private

  

x

    

Koller, 2010

Germany

admin data/insurance claims

9 216

29%

PWD

67%

82.8

High

Universal public/private

x

      

Kosloski, 2002

USA

interviews

315

47%

Caregiver responding for PWD

48%

78.7

High

Non-universalŧ

      

x

Laporte Uribe, 2018

Germany

interviews

560

48%

Caregiver and PWD

58%

79.7

High

Universal public/private

      

x

McCabe, 1995

USA

survey/questionnaire

73

40%

PWD

52%

75.5

High

Non-universalŧ

      

x

McMichael, 2020a,b

Ireland

admin data/insurance claims

14 564

28%

PWD

65%

77.2

High

Universal gov.-funded

    

x

  

Naumova, 2009

USA

admin data/insurance claims

684

NR

PWD

N/A

N/A

High

Non-universalŧ

 

x

  

x

  

Odzakovic, 2019

Sweden

admin data/insurance claims

17 405

3%

PWD

62%

N/A

High

Universal gov.-funded

      

x

Opoku, 2017

USA

patient records

27 313

37%

PWD

64%

83.7

High

Non-universalŧ

 

x

     

Prince, 2012

Mexico, Peru, China

survey/questionnaire and interviews

12 887

20%

PWD

N/A

N/A

Upper-middle

Mexico, Peru: Universal public/private; China: Universal public

    

x

  

Rahman, 2020

USA

admin data/insurance claims

555 333

10%

PWD

62%

82.0

High

Non-universalŧ

 

x

  

x

 

x

Rao, 2013

India

expert consultation

NR

NR

PWD

N/A

N/A

Lower-middle

Non-universal

   

x

   

Roheger, 2019

Sweden

admin data/insurance claims

581 141

28%

PWD

59%

N/A

High

Universal gov.-funded

  

x

    

Seo, 2017

South Korea

admin data/insurance claims

1 250 482

NR

PWD

N/A

N/A

High

Universal public

     

x

 

Singh, 2014

USA

admin data/insurance claims

NR

NR

PWD

N/A

N/A

High

Non-universalŧ

    

x

  

Sivananthan, 2015

Canada

admin data/insurance claims

7 045

3%

PWD

59%

82.7

High

Universal gov.-funded

  

x

  

x

x

Thomas, 1997

Scotland

admin data/insurance claims

5 874

NR

PWD

N/A

N/A

High

Universal gov.-funded

    

x

  

Thorpe, 2010

USA

patient records

1 186

11%*

PWD

N/A

75.7

High

Non-universalŧ

 

x

     

Wackerbarth, 2002

USA

interviews

502

26%

caregiver

N/A

N/A

High

Non-universalŧ

  

x

    

Walsh, 2021

Ireland

survey/questionnaire

253

70%

caregiver

N/A

N/A

High

Universal gov.-funded

   

x

  

x

Wang, 2020, 2021

USA

admin data/insurance claims

197 502

17%

PWD

64%

N/A

High

Non-universalŧ

x

      

Wen, 2011

China

survey/questionnaire

5 035

3%

PWD

54%

N/A

Upper-middle

Universal public

    

x

  

Yin, 2016

China

admin data/insurance claims

161**

60%**

PWD

N/A

N/A

Upper-middle

Universal public

    

x

  

Zilkens, 2014

Australia

admin data/insurance claims

95

19%

PWD

61%

79.3

High

Universal gov.-funded

  

x

    
  1. Legend: This table describes the year of publication, country of origin of data, type of healthcare system based on that country, the level of income of that country, a count of quality of dementia care domains explored, source of data, number (N) and proportion (%) of rural persons with dementia (PWD) or caregivers (C) per study. * These numbers are estimated proportions of the whole group; ** these numbers are districts; NR: not reported; Universal public: universal public insurance system; Universal gov.-funded: universal government-funded health system; Universal Public/Private: universal public–private insurance system; Non-Universal: non-universal insurance system ŧ indicates that in the USA, although the healthcare system is non-universal, the population of interest of this review is eligible for Medicare/Medicaid; Admin data/insurance claims: administrative database/insurance claim; Interviews: Structured or semi-structured interviews; High indicates a high-income country, Upper-middle, an upper-middle-income country, and lower-middle, a lower-middle-income country