Table 1 Sample characteristics for the pooled and insurance-disaggregated households

Household is currently insured with CBHI^a

0.645

0.479

Household size by age

 Number of children [0 -14 years]

1.890

1.714

2.151

1.730

1.415

1.578

0.000***

 Number of adults [15–64 years]

2.240

1.369

2.491

1.332

1.785

1.318

0.000***

 Number of elders (≥ 65 years)

0.331

0.527

0.283

0.503

0.419

0.558

0.000***

Head is literate^a

0.119

0.324

0.133

0.339

0.094

0.291

0.000***

Head is married^a

0.536

0.499

0.620

0.486

0.385

0.487

0.000***

Head is female^a

0.440

0.496

0.376

0.484

0.556

0.497

0.000***

Age of head (years)

52.974

14.887

51.553

13.715

55.559

16.501

0.000***

Improved water source during winter^a

0.533

0.499

0.556

0.497

0.490

0.500

0.000***

Never worried about food last 4 weeks^a

0.215

0.411

0.211

0.408

0.224

0.417

0.466

Number of food insecurity months last 12 months

3.205

2.738

3.193

2.620

3.228

2.940

0.762

Household has an outstanding debt^a

0.177

0.382

0.197

0.398

0.141

0.348

0.000***

Experienced drought last 12 months^a

0.175

0.380

0.186

0.389

0.154

0.361

0.038*

Log total annual income from PSNP

7.742

1.662

7.859

1.546

7.528

1.835

0.000***

Number of ill members last month

0.538

0.867

0.598

0.933

0.429

0.721

0.000***

Head has disability^a

0.177

0.382

0.143

0.350

0.239

0.427

0.000***

Perceptions about CBHI benefits

 CBHI makes seeking health care easier^a

0.827

0.379

0.863

0.344

0.761

0.426

0.000***

 CBHI makes health care more affordable^a

0.856

0.351

0.894

0.308

0.786

0.410

0.000***

Understandings about CBHI:

 CBHI covers medical costs related to pregnancy^a

0.646

0.478

0.699

0.459

0.549

0.498

0.000***

 CBHI fully covers certain drugs or surgery^a

0.780

0.414

0.827

0.378

0.695

0.461

0.000***

 No need to pay part of the cost if services covered by CBHI^a

0.889

0.314

0.898

0.302

0.872

0.334

0.024*

 Premium is not repaid even if no medical services sought^a

0.919

0.273

0.920

0.271

0.917

0.275

0.788

 Enrolled households need to pay some costs in advance^a

0.336

0.472

0.349

0.477

0.312

0.463

0.039*

Community and facility characteristics

 Distance to nearest health centre (km)

7.992

10.359

8.066

10.476

7.857

10.143

0.736

 Distance to nearest health facility with a doctor (km)

24.269

20.405

24.499

20.451

23.850

20.320

0.630

 Nearest health facility admits people covered with CBHI^a

0.924

0.265

0.930

0.256

0.914

0.280

0.193

 Number of years the village has been in PSNP

13.232

2.950

13.247

2.961

13.205

2.931

0.811

 Village distance from district capital (%)

Chi-2

  0–10 km

19.08

18.52

20.09

  11–20 km

22.52

22.62

22.33

0.000***

  21–40 km

47.92

49.51

45.01

   + 40 km

10.49

9.35

12.57

 Observations

5398

3217

2181