Intervention categories | Description of intervention | Example of activities involved | References |
---|---|---|---|
Diabetes education | Provide the patient with adequate knowledge about diabetes and skills they need to manage their clinical condition and lifestyle. | Educational videos, pamphlets, educational websites, power point presentations, face-to-face/group teaching sessions. | [14,15,16,17,18,19,20, 22, 24, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34, 38,39,40,41,42,43,44, 46,47,48,49,50,51, 53, 56, 57, 60, 61, 63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74] |
Medication review | Pharmacists addressed issues pertaining to medication optimization and adherence, hence enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of drugs administered to patients. | Review of patients’ medications, arrangements of drug taking schedules, discussion and evaluation of medication regimens, dose up-titrations per pre-established protocols without prescriber’s involvement. | [10, 13, 15, 17, 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28, 33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 44, 46, 48, 52, 53, 60, 64, 68, 70, 72,73,74] |
Drug counseling | Aids patients in the comprehension of medications and is emphasises the importance of drug adherence. | Evaluation of patients’ medication adherence, pill counts, medication diaries, pill boxes, pill reminder apps. | |
Clinical review | A collaborative intervention with the prescriber on drug related problems requiring clinical interventions such as regimen changes or dosage adjustment. | Evaluation and adjustment of patients’ medication with the involvement of the prescribers. | |
Lifestyle adjustment | Focused primarily on healthy eating and encouraging patients to lead a more active lifestyle. | Exercise prescription, specific diet recommendation. | [15,16,17, 19, 20, 22,23,24, 26,27,28, 35, 36, 41,42,43, 46, 47, 49,50,51,52, 61, 62, 64,65,66,67, 69, 72, 73] |
Self-care | Approaches to manage and prevent diabetes complications through self-blood glucose monitoring and foot care. | Glucose diaries, glucose monitoring device program, proper foot care program. | [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 39, 43, 44, 47,48,49,50,51, 53, 65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73] |
Peer support | Promotes communications and sharing of knowledge and experience between patients that have poor control of diabetes with patients that already have better experience in managing their disease. | Participation of family members, friends, and other sources of social support in the intervention program. | [70] |
Behavioural intervention | Incorporate behaviour-change techniques such as goal-setting, cognitive behavioural therapy, and problem-solving. | Predetermined action items, action planning, motivational interviewing. |