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Table 2 Description of intervention categorization and potential activities involved

From: The intervention strategies and service model for pharmacist-led diabetes management: a scoping review

Intervention categories

Description of intervention

Example of activities involved

References

Diabetes education

Provide the patient with adequate knowledge about diabetes and skills they need to manage their clinical condition and lifestyle.

Educational videos, pamphlets, educational websites, power point presentations, face-to-face/group teaching sessions.

[14,15,16,17,18,19,20, 22, 24, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34, 38,39,40,41,42,43,44, 46,47,48,49,50,51, 53, 56, 57, 60, 61, 63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74]

Medication review

Pharmacists addressed issues pertaining to medication optimization and adherence, hence enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of drugs administered to patients.

Review of patients’ medications, arrangements of drug taking schedules, discussion and evaluation of medication regimens, dose up-titrations per pre-established protocols without prescriber’s involvement.

[10, 13, 15, 17, 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28, 33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 44, 46, 48, 52, 53, 60, 64, 68, 70, 72,73,74]

Drug counseling

Aids patients in the comprehension of medications and is emphasises the importance of drug adherence.

Evaluation of patients’ medication adherence, pill counts, medication diaries, pill boxes, pill reminder apps.

[13, 16, 19, 26, 29, 30, 37, 49, 53, 58, 59, 63, 69, 71]

Clinical review

A collaborative intervention with the prescriber on drug related problems requiring clinical interventions such as regimen changes or dosage adjustment.

Evaluation and adjustment of patients’ medication with the involvement of the prescribers.

[10, 21, 25, 28, 34, 39, 40, 44, 72, 73]

Lifestyle adjustment

Focused primarily on healthy eating and encouraging patients to lead a more active lifestyle.

Exercise prescription, specific diet recommendation.

[15,16,17, 19, 20, 22,23,24, 26,27,28, 35, 36, 41,42,43, 46, 47, 49,50,51,52, 61, 62, 64,65,66,67, 69, 72, 73]

Self-care

Approaches to manage and prevent diabetes complications through self-blood glucose monitoring and foot care.

Glucose diaries, glucose monitoring device program, proper foot care program.

[17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 39, 43, 44, 47,48,49,50,51, 53, 65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73]

Peer support

Promotes communications and sharing of knowledge and experience between patients that have poor control of diabetes with patients that already have better experience in managing their disease.

Participation of family members, friends, and other sources of social support in the intervention program.

[70]

Behavioural intervention

Incorporate behaviour-change techniques such as goal-setting, cognitive behavioural therapy, and problem-solving.

Predetermined action items, action planning, motivational interviewing.

[28, 29, 40, 46, 62, 71]