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Table 1 Sociodemographic, premorbid, and injury-related characteristics of the study sample

From: Rehabilitation and outcomes after complicated vs uncomplicated mild TBI: results from the CENTER-TBI study

  

mTBI

 

Total samplea

Uncomplicated

Complicated

 

Variable

Group/value

(N = 1379)

(N = 661)

(N = 638)

p-value

Age

Mean (SD)

52.0 (19.0)

50.0 (18.8)

54.6 (19.1)

 < .001

Median [Min, Max]

54.0 [16.0, 93.0]

52.0 [16.0, 89.0]

58.0 [16.0, 93.0]

 

Sex

Female

512 (37.1%)

262 (39.6%)

219 (34.3%)

0.054

Male

867 (62.9%)

399 (60.4%)

419 (65.7%)

 

Education years

 < 13

458 (33.2%)

207 (31.3%)

219 (34.3%)

0.019

 ≥ 13

715 (51.8%)

381 (57.6%)

299 (46.9%)

 

Missing

206 (14.9%)

73 (11.0%)

120 (18.8%)

 

Living situation

Alone

1103 (80.0%)

529 (80.0%)

506 (79.3%)

0.800

Not alone

276 (20.0%)

132 (20.0%)

132 (20.7%)

 

Employment status

Employed

742 (53.8%)

379 (57.3%)

317 (49.7%)

0.042

Unemployed

76 (5.5%)

30 (4.5%)

42 (6.6%)

 

Other

497 (36.0%)

232 (35.1%)

241 (37.8%)

 

Missing

64 (4.6%)

20 (3.0%)

38 (6.0%)

 

Geographical region

Western Europe

635 (46.0%)

327 (49.5%)

285 (44.7%)

0.007

Northern Europe

386 (28.0%)

184 (27.8%)

159 (24.9%)

 

Southern/Eastern Europe

358 (26.0%)

150 (22.7%)

194 (30.4%)

 

Premorbid physical health status

Healthy

777 (56.3%)

376 (56.9%)

348 (54.5%)

0.209

Mild disease

464 (33.6%)

214 (32.4%)

232 (36.4%)

 

Severe disease

133 (9.6%)

70 (10.6%)

55 (8.6%)

 

Missing

5 (0.4%)

1 (0.2%)

3 (0.5%)

 

Premorbid psychological problems

No

1207 (87.5%)

583 (88.2%)

553 (86.7%)

0.600

Yes

166 (12.0%)

78 (11.8%)

82 (12.9%)

 

Missing

6 (0.4%)

0 (0%)

3 (0.5%)

 

Injury cause

Road traffic accident

542 (39.3%)

265 (40.1%)

245 (38.4%)

0.675

Fall

651 (47.2%)

305 (46.1%)

310 (48.6%)

 

Violent/Other

186 (13.5%)

91 (13.8%)

83 (13.0%)

 

Clinical care pathways

ER

393 (28.5%)

328 (49.6%)

57 (8.9%)

 < .001

ADM

640 (46.4%)

274 (41.5%)

317 (49.7%)

 

ICU

346 (25.1%)

59 (8.9%)

264 (41.4%)

 

Transition of care

pathways

ER-HO

370 (26.8%)

320 (48.4%)

42 (6.6%)

n.a

ER-WN-HO

250 (18.1%)

101 (15.3%)

133 (20.8%)

 

ER-CU-WN-HO

125 (9.1%)

25 (3.8%)

93 (14.6%)

 

ER-WO-HO

116 (8.4%)

75 (11.3%)

37 (5.8%)

 

ER-WARD-HO

77 (5.6%)

44 (6.7%)

28 (4.4%)

 

ER-CU-WO-HO

48 (3.5%)

14 (2.1%)

30 (4.7%)

 

ER-CU-WN-RE

23 (1.7%)

4 (0.6%)

16 (2.5%)

 

ER-CU-CU-WN-HO

18 (1.3%)

4 (0.6%)

13 (2.0%)

 

ER-CU-WN-OT

17 (1.2%)

0 (0%)

15 (2.4%)

 

ER-CU-OT

16 (1.2%)

2 (0.3%)

12 (1.9%)

 

ER-CU-WN-OT-HO

12 (0.9%)

3 (0.5%)

8 (1.3%)

 

ER-WN-OT

11 (0.8%)

1 (0.2%)

9 (1.4%)

 

Otherb

274 (19.8%)

64 (9.6%)

185 (28.9%)

 

Missing

22 (1.6%)

4 (0.6%)

17 (2.7%)

 

Number of TOC

Mean (SD)

2.30 (1.28)

1.73 (0.921)

2.84 (1.35)

 < .001

Median [Min, Max]

2.00 [1.00, 18.0]

2.00 [1.00, 9.00]

3.00 [1.00, 18.0]

 

Missing

22 (1.6%)

4 (0.6%)

17 (2.7%)

 

Endpoint of TOC

HO

1190 (86.3%)

630 (95.3%)

500 (78.4%)

n.a

NH

14 (1.0%)

4 (0.6%)

10 (1.6%)

 

OH

75 (5.4%)

10 (1.5%)

56 (8.8%)

 

RE

75 (5.4%)

12 (1.8%)

53 (8.3%)

 

Otherc

3 (0.3%)

1 (0.2%)

2 (0.4%)

 

Missing

22 (1.6%)

4 (0.6%)

17 (2.7%)

 

Brain injury AIS

Mean (SD)

2.54 (1.12)

1.87 (0.904)

3.20 (0.897)

 < .001

Median [Min, Max]

3.00 [1.00, 5.00]

2.00 [1.00, 5.00]

3.00 [1.00, 5.00]

 

Missing

8 (0.6%)

1 (0.2%)

6 (0.9%)

 

Total ISS

Mean (SD)

14.1 (11.5)

9.89 (8.99)

18.3 (12.1)

 < .001

Median [Min, Max]

10.0 [1.00, 75.0]

8.00 [1.00, 59.0]

16.0 [1.00, 75.0]

 

Missing

7 (0.5%)

0 (0%)

6 (0.9%)

 

ISS categorized

No major trauma

863 (62.6%)

531 (80.3%)

288 (45.1%)

 < .001

Major trauma

509 (36.9%)

130 (19.7%)

344 (53.9%)

 

Missing

7 (0.5%)

0 (0%)

6 (0.9%)

 

Rehabilitation within six months after TBI

No rehabilitation

940 (68.2%)

529 (80.0%)

366 (57.4%)

 < .001

Rehab. at 3 and/or 6 months

439 (31.8%)

132 (20.0%)

272 (42.6%)

 

GOSE at six months

Vegetative state/lower severe disability

37 (2.7%)

8 (1.2%)

27 (4.2%)

 < .001

Upper severe disability

49 (3.6%)

13 (2.0%)

33 (5.2%)

 

Lower moderate disability

104 (7.5%)

30 (4.5%)

70 (11.0%)

 

Upper moderate disability

184 (13.3%)

60 (9.1%)

111 (17.4%)

 

Lower good recovery

365 (26.5%)

174 (26.3%)

179 (28.1%)

 

Upper good recovery

640 (46.4%)

376 (56.9%)

218 (34.2%)

 

RPQ at six months

Mean (SD)

10.3 (12.4)

9.05 (12.0)

12.0 (12.8)

 < .001

Median [Min, Max]

6.00 [0, 64.0]

4.00 [0, 61.0]

8.00 [0, 64.0]

 

QOLIBRI-OS at six months

Mean (SD)

69.5 (21.5)

71.1 (21.0)

67.2 (21.7)

 < .001

Median [Min, Max]

75.0 [0, 100]

75.0 [0, 100]

71.0 [0, 100]

 
  1. Note. M Mean, SD Standard deviation, Min Minimum, Max Maximum; n.a.: No comparisons are carried out due to high number of categories and low number of cases; Employment status: employed (full-time employed, part-time employed, on sick leave, special/sheltered employment), unemployed (looking for work, unemployed, unable to work), other (retired, student/school going, homemaker); Geographical regions: Western Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, United Kingdom); Northern Europe (Denmark, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden); Southern/Eastern Europe (Italy, Spain, Hungary, Romania, Serbia); ER Emergency room, CU (high/intensive) Care unit, WN Neurological hospital ward, WO Other ward, RE Rehabilitation, HO Home, NH Nursing home, OH Other hospital, PSYCH Psychiatric unit or substance misuse care unit, AIS Abbreviated Injury Scale, ISS Injury Severity Score; ISS > 15 is considered major trauma; GOSE Glasgow Outcome Scale – Extended, RPQ Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, QOLIBRI-OS Quality of Life After Brain Injury—Overall scale; p-values are obtained from the mTBI group comparisons for pairwise complete data (continuous and ordinal variables: Mann–Whitney U-test; categorical variables: chi-square test); significant p-values are provided in bold (α = .05)
  2. aDue to missing values in the mTBI groups (i.e., missing information on CT findings, n = 80, 5.8%), the total sample values (sum and percentage) can exceed the sum between uncomplicated and complicated mTBI frequencies
  3. bFor transition of care, only pathways containing n > 10 are reported, other pathways are collapsed into category “Other”
  4. cFor the TOC endpoint, only destinations containing n > 10 are reported, others are collapsed into category “Other”
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BMC Health Services Research

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