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Table 2 Factors Associated with Formal Direct Care Time (Model 1) and Formal Leisure Time (Model 2)

From: Factors associated with formal and informal resource utilization in nursing home patients with and without dementia: cross-sectional analyses from the COSMOS trial

Variable

Model 1

Formal direct care timea

(N = 388)

Model 2

Formal leisure timeb

(N = 164)

Exp (β)

P

Exp (β)

P

Informal leisure timeb

Not included in the model

1.00

.98

Informal direct care timea

1.00

.21

Not included in the model

Gender, female, (ref = male)

.95

.56

1.25

.30

Age

1.00

.24

.98

.15

Married, (ref = not married/widowed)

1.07

.48

1.43

.13

MMSEc

.98

<.05

.98

.36

PSMSd

1.07

<.05

.93

<.05

NPI-NHe

 Psychosis cluster

  Mood cluster

.99

.69

  

  Agitation cluster

1.02

<.05

  

Medication:

 Polypharmacyf, yes

  Psychotropic medication, regular, (ref = 0 drugs)

1.33

<.05

  

Organizational variables

 Number of beds

.99

.83

.95

<.05

 Staff ratio

1.09

.11

1.33

.14

  1. Table legend: Exp(β) is estimated with generalized linear mixed-effect models (GLMM) and interpreted as the relative change in resource use due to a one unit increase in the explanatory variable
  2. aDirect care time provided in ADL (e.g., toileting, personal hygiene, and meal situations), IADL (e.g., taking medicine, out-patient visits), and supervision (e.g., preventing dangerous events, guiding)
  3. bTime registered in social activities, physical activities, and mental activities
  4. cMMSE: Mini-Mental States Examination [range 0–30], a lower score indicates greater cognitive impairment, and a score ≤ 20 is characteristic for dementia
  5. dPSMS – Physical Self-Maintenance Scale [range 0–30], a higher score indicates lower functional capacity
  6. eNPI-NH: Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Nursing Home Version. Mood cluster (depression, anxiety, apathy, sleep, and appetite); agitation cluster (agitation, disinhibitions, irritability, and aberrant motor behavior), and psychosis cluster (hallucinations and delusions). Higher scores indicate more neuropsychiatric symptoms
  7. fFive or more drugs regularly