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Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Participants (N = 522)

From: Factors associated with formal and informal resource utilization in nursing home patients with and without dementia: cross-sectional analyses from the COSMOS trial

 

All patients

(N = 522)

Missing, na

Age in years, mean (SD)

86.6 (7.5)

2

Female gender, n (%)

388 (74.3)

0

Married, n (%)

118 (22.6)

41

Psychotropic medicationb regular, 1 or more drug, n (%)

382 (73.2)

0

Polypharmacyc, n (%)

411 (78.7)

0

MMSEd, mean (SD)

10.8 (7.8)

42

PSMSe, mean (SD)

17.3 (5.4)

0

NPI clustersf, mean (SD)

 Mood cluster (0–60)

7.5 (9.7)

2

 Psychosis cluster (0–24)

2.5 (4.9)

1

 Agitation cluster (0–48)

7.2 (9.8)

0

Direct care time (hours/month)g

 Mean hours of formal care, mean (SD)

54.8 (51.1)

0

 Receiving informal general care > 0 hours/month, yes, n (%), mean (SD)

215 (41.2)

0

 Mean hours of informal care, n = 215, mean (SD)

7.1 (14.3)

0

Leisure time (hours/week)h

 With family or friends, (SD)

2.3 (5.1)

299

 With staff, (SD)

7.0 (11.8)

303

 Total time spent on leisure time, (SD)

9.1 (13.0)

296

Organizational variablesi

 Number of beds, mean (SD)

17.9 (7.2)

2

 Staff ratio, mean (SD)

3.8 (1.1)

2

  1. Table legend: N total sample, n number of patients, SD standard deviation
  2. aMissing data are reported for the total sample
  3. bAccording to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Index (antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics/sedatives, antidepressants, and anti-dementia agents)
  4. c5 or more drugs regularly
  5. dMMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination [range 0–30], higher scores indicate better cognition
  6. ePSMS – Physical Self-Maintenance Scale [range 0–30], higher score indicates lower physical function
  7. fNPI-NH: Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Nursing Home Version. Mood cluster (depression, anxiety, apathy, sleep, and appetite); agitation cluster (agitation, disinhibitions, irritability, and aberrant motor behavior), and psychosis cluster (hallucinations and delusions)
  8. gCare time provided in ADL (e.g., toileting, personal hygiene, and meal situations), IADL (e.g., taking medicine, out-patient visits), and supervision (e.g., preventing dangerous events, guiding)
  9. hTime registered in social activities, physical activities, and mental activities
  10. iTwo nursing home had missing data