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Table 1 Inclusion criteria applied in the selection of studies for this paper

From: Strengthening vaccination delivery system resilience in the context of protracted humanitarian crisis: a realist-informed systematic review

Domain

Criteria

Study type

• Journal articles, conference abstracts, agency and NGO evaluation reports, government reports and plans, presentations, WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization documents, guidelines and guidance documents

• For peer-reviewed papers, study designs may span systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, interrupted time series analyses, repeated cross-sectional studies, qualitative analyses (i.e. primary studies).

• Grey literature sources will need to report original findings from population-based studies of the kinds identified above, or programme or policy evaluations. Formats may include formal reports, working papers, PowerPoint presentations etc.

Sources that neither cite nor directly report research results will be excluded.

Search period

01/01/2001–09/11/2021

Populations

Refugees, internally displaced populations and host communities in settings meeting the geographical inclusion criteria set out below.

Intervention type

For inclusion, the paper must have an interventional focus, must describe a macro or meso-level intervention as outlined in the main body of the paper, and crucially, must provide detail on the mechanism by which the intervention acted. Micro-level interventions were not included. Finally, studies had to report against one or both of the outcomes (primary or secondary) identified below.

Immunisation focus

Articles referencing any or all of the antigens listed in WHO guidance on interventions for application in humanitarian emergencies [20] – specifically: Cholera, Diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis E, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Influenza, Japanese encephalitis, Measles, Meningococcal disease, Mumps, Pertussis, Pneumococcal disease, Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Rotavirus, Rubella, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Varicella, Yellow fever

Geographical coverage

LMICs (defined according to World Bank Country and Lending Groups classification 2011 – as the mid-point of the search period) with significant refugee or internally displaced populations, and included according to whether they met a pre-determined “protracted crisis” definition, based on duration of humanitarian or refugee response plan coverage during the study period (see Additional file 2: Appendix 2).

Outcomes

The primary outcome measure was population level vaccination coverage for any of the antigens listed above. Secondary outcome measures included vaccination delivery metrics such as drop-out rates, reported caseload for vaccine-preventable diseases; and resilience metrics (variable according to the study).

Languages

Arabic, English and French