Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics and treatments

From: Healthcare resource utilization and costs among patients with heart failure with preserved, mildly reduced, and reduced ejection fraction in Spain

 

HF cohort (n = 21,297; 100%)

HFrEF (n = 10,323; 48.5%)

HFmrEF (n = 903; 4.2%)

HFpEF (n = 8,225; 38.6%)

HFpEF (50 to < 60%) (n = 2,995; 14.1%)

HFpEF (≥ 60%) (n = 5,230; 24.6%)

HFuEF (n = 1,846; 8.7%)

p-value (HFmrEF vs HFrEF)

p-value (HFpEF vs HFrEF)

Biodemographic data

 Age (years) at index date

  Mean (SD)

78.8 (11.8)

73.6 (9.7)

81.7 (9.9)

84.0 (11.4)

84.1 (11.3)

84.0 (11.4)

83.3 (11.9)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  Median (25th, 75th percentile)

79.1 (71.9—87.6)

73.8 (67.5—79.8)

80.6 (75.6—89.4)

85.6 (78.2—91.9)

85.7 (78.4—89.4)

85.5 (78.2—91.9)

85.5 (78.0—91.9)

  

  Range (min—max)

(18—102.8)

(18—96.36)

(21.6—98.8)

(18.5—102.8)

(18.6—98.8)

(18.5—100.5)

(18.9—100.5)

  

  Gender, male, n (%)

11,278 (53.0)

6,782 (65.7)

440 (48.7)

3,068 (37.3)

1,102 (36.8)

1,966 (37.6)

988 (53.5)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 NHYA at index date, n (%)

  Class I

2,137 (10.0)

1,030 (10.0)

91 (10.1)

817 (9.9)

322 (10.8)

495 (9.5)

199 (10.8)

  

  Class II

8,949 (42.0)

3,689 (35.7)

332 (36.8)

4,176 (50.8)

1,504 (50.2)

2,672 (51.1)

752 (40.7)

0.494

 < 0.001

  Class III

8,728 (41.0)

4,750 (46.0)

411 (45.5)

2,783 (33.8)

1,016 (33.9)

1,767 (33.8)

784 (42.5)

  

  Class IV

1,013 (4.8)

612 (5.9)

56 (6.2)

280 (3.4)

92 (3.1)

188 (3.6)

65 (3.5)

  

  Unknown

470 (2.2)

242 (2.3)

13 (1.4)

169 (2.1)

61 (2.0)

108 (2.1)

46 (2.5)

  

 Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)

  Hypertension

14,379 (67.5)

6,885 (66.7)

662 (73.3)

5,550 (67.5)

2,021 (67.5)

3,529 (67.5)

1,282 (69.5)

 < 0.001

0.261

  Dyslipidemia

10,457 (49.1)

4,681 (45.4)

457 (50.6)

4,384 (53.3)

1,601 (53.5)

2,783 (53.2)

935 (50.7)

0.002

 < 0.001

  Diabetes type 1

844 (4.0)

499 (4.8)

32 (3.5)

258 (3.1)

100 (3.3)

158 (3.0)

55 (3.0)

0.080

 < 0.001

  Diabetes type 2

6,772 (31.8)

3,331 (32.3)

236 (26.1)

2,630 (32.0)

1,127 (37.6)

1,503 (28.7)

575 (31.2)

 < 0.001

0.672

 Vascular disease, n (%)

  Coronary artery disease

8,124 (38.2)

4,520 (43.8)

288 (31.9)

2,653 (32.3)

971 (32.4)

1,682 (32.2)

663 (35.9)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  Chronic kidney disease

6,452 (30.3)

3,411 (33.0)

272 (30.1)

2,286 (27.8)

849 (28.4)

1,437 (27.5)

483 (26.2)

0.073

 < 0.001

  Stage Unknown

2,706 (12.7)

1,451 (14.1)

106 (11.7)

953 (11.6)

358 (12.0)

595 (11.4)

196 (10.6)

  

  Stage I

179 (0.8)

86 (0.8)

6 (0.7)

73 (0.9)

26 (0.9)

47 (0.9)

14 (0.8)

  

  Stage II

644 (3.0)

327 (3.2)

19 (2.1)

250 (3.0)

85 (2.8)

165 (3.2)

48 (2.6)

  

  Stage III

2,225 (10.5)

1,179 (11.4)

106 (11.7)

789 (9.6)

296 (9.9)

493 (9.4)

151 (8.2)

  

  Stage IV

524 (2.5)

281 (2.7)

26 (2.9)

153 (1.9)

63 (2.1)

90 (1.7)

64 (3.5)

  

  Stage V

174 (1.0)

87 (1.1)

9 (1.1)

68 (0.9)

21 (0.9)

47 (0.9)

10 (0.6)

  

  Myocardial Infarction

3,174 (14.9)

1,645 (15.9)

103 (11.4)

1,110 (13.5)

384 (12.8)

726 (13.9)

316 (17.1)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  Stroke

2,254 (10.6)

1,327 (12.9)

107 (11.9)

617 (7.5)

297 (9.9)

320 (6.1)

203 (11.0)

0.385

 < 0.001

  Peripheral arterial disease

1,074 (5.0)

616 (6.0)

24 (2.7)

337 (4.1)

146 (4.9)

191 (3.7)

97 (5.3)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Other comorbidities, n (%)

  COPD

3,319 (15.6)

1,716 (16.6)

121 (13.4)

1,202 (14.6)

441 (14.7)

761 (14.6)

280 (15.2)

0.012

 < 0.001

  Atrial fibrillation

6,785 (31.9)

2,538 (24.6)

283 (31.3)

3,364 (40.9)

1,205 (40.2)

2,159 (41.3)

600 (32.5)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  Anemia within 1 year before index date

6,540 (30.7)

3,266 (31.6)

255 (28.2)

2,503 (30.4)

910 (30.4)

1,593 (30.5)

516 (28.0)

0.035

0.078

  Cancer before index date

2776 (13.0)

1,313 (12.72)

109 (12.1)

1,077 (13.1)

368 (12.3)

709 (13.6)

277 (15.0)

0.574

0.449

  Dementia

1,058 (5.0)

568 (5.5)

45 (5.0)

360 (4.4)

168 (5.6)

192 (3.7)

85 (4.6)

0.510

 < 0.001

 HF drugs, n (%)

  Diuretics

15,780 (74.1)

7,759 (75.2)

649 (71.9)

5,964 (72.5)

2,174 (72.6)

3,790 (72.5)

1,408 (76.3)

0.029

 < 0.001

  ACEi/ARB

14,335 (67.3)

7,840 (76.0)

574 (63.6)

4,806 (58.4)

1,734 (57.9)

3,072 (58.7)

1,115 (60.4)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  Beta-blockers

13,043 (61.2)

6,631 (64.2)

602 (66.7)

4,693 (57.1)

1,711 (57.1)

2,982 (57.0)

1,117 (60.5)

0.143

 < 0.001

  Aldosterone antagonists

4,973 (23.4)

2,609 (25.3)

207 (22.9)

1,765 (21.5)

654 (21.8)

1,111 (21.2)

392 (21.2)

0.118

 < 0.001

  Digoxin

4,311 (20.2)

2,307 (22.4)

162 (17.9)

1,437 (17.5)

526 (17.6)

911 (17.4)

405 (21.9)

0.002

 < 0.001

  Ivabradine

1,502 (7.1)

873 (8.5)

38 (4.2)

449 (5.5)

181 (6.0)

268 (5.1)

142 (7.7)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  SGLT2i (among diabetics)

1,115 (5.2)

704 (6.8)

34 (3.8)

267 (3.3)

89 (3.0)

178 (3.4)

110 (6.0)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  Hydralazine and nitrate

19 (0.1)

7 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

11 (0.1)

5 (0.2)

6 (0.1)

0

0.643

0.152

  ARNI

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

–

–

  1. All treatments were assessed within 12 months before index. Patients on combination drugs were counted in each respective treatment class. Therefore, each treatment class included patients on monotherapy and combination therapy. Lookback period for all comorbidities was any time before index date (event date < index date), unless otherwise specified; lookback period for all prescription was 12 months prior to index date
  2. Abbreviations: ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB Angiotensin receptor II blocker, ARNI Dual angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HF Heart failure, HFmrEF Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction, HFpEF Heart Failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFrEF Heart Failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFuEF Heart Failure with unspecified ejection fraction, NYHA New York Heart Association, SD Standard deviation, SGLT2i Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors
Back to article page

BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

Contact us