From: Effectiveness of early essential newborn care implementation in four counties of western China
 | Total (N = 1298) | Guizhou Province (n = 421) | Qinghai Province (n = 280) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention (n = 599) | Control (n = 699) | t/χ2 | P | Intervention (n = 150) | Control (n = 271) | t/χ2 | P | Intervention (n = 137) | Control (n = 143) | |
SSC |  |  | 463.344# |  < 0.001 |  |  | 368.234 |  < 0.001 |  |  |
 Any SSC | 596 (99.50) | 343 (49.07) |  |  | 149 (99.33) | 12 (4.43) |  |  | 137 (100.00) | 61 (42.66) |
 Time of SSC initiation post birth (min) |  |  | 331.742# |  < 0.001 |  |  | — |  < 0.001* |  |  |
   < 1 | 507 (85.07) | 75 (21.87) |  |  | 138 (92.62) | 0 (0.00) |  |  | 88 (64.23) | 60 (98.36) |
  1 ~ 10 | 89 (14.93) | 211 (61.52) | 11 (7.38) | 5 (41.67) | 49 (35.77) | 0 (0.00) | ||||
  11 ~ 59 | 0 (0.00) | 36 (10.50) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (41.67) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.64) | ||||
  ≥ 60 | 0 (0.00) | 21 (6.12) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (16.67) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||||
 SSC duration (min) |  |  | 535.143# |  < .0001 |  |  | — |  < 0.001* |  |  |
   < 10 | 15 (2.52) | 136 (39.65) |  |  | 2 (1.34) | 7 (58.33) |  |  | 3 (2.19) | 24 (39.34) |
  10 ~  | 51 (8.56) | 132 (38.48) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (16.67) | 23 (16.79) | 29 (47.54) | ||||
  30 ~  | 40 (6.71) | 70 (20.41) | 9 (6.04) | 3 (25.00) | 2 (1.46) | 7 (11.48) | ||||
  60 ~  | 25 (4.19) | 3 (0.87) | 3 (2.01) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.73) | 0 (0.00) | ||||
   ≥ 90 | 465 (78.02) | 2 (0.58) | 135 (90.60) | 0 (0.00) | 108 (78.83) | 1 (1.64) | ||||
Breastfeeding | ||||||||||
 Successful first-time breastfeeding with provision of SSC | 523 (87.75) | 270 (78.72) | 2.381# | 0.123 | 147 (98.66) | 5 (41.67) | — |  < 0.001* | 133 (97.08) | 61 (100.00) |
 Any breastfeeding | 579 (96.66) | 641 (91.70) | 12.823# |  < 0.001 | 149 (99.33) | 238 (87.82) | 17.232 |  < 0.001 | 135 (98.54) | 140 (97.90) |
 Initiation (min) |  |  | 25.898# |  < 0.001 |  |  | 34.615 |  < 0.001 |  |  |
   ≤ 60 | 526 (90.84) | 515 (80.35) |  |  | 146 (97.99) | 180 (75.63) |  |  | 134 (99.26) | 105 (75.00) |
  61 ~ 90 | 32 (5.53) | 67 (10.45) | 0 (0.00) | 10 (4.20) | 1 (0.74) | 30 (21.43) | ||||
  > 90 | 21 (3.63) | 59 (9.20) | 3 (2.01) | 48 (20.17) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (3.57) | ||||
 Duration (min) |  |  | 47.046# |  < 0.001 |  |  | 47.243 |  < 0.001 |  |  |
   < 10 | 80 (13.82) | 62 (9.67) |  |  | 6 (4.03) | 27 (11.34) |  |  | 62 (45.93) | 17 (12.14) |
  10 ~  | 178 (30.74) | 221 (34.48) | 47 (31.54) | 79 (33.19) | 71 (52.59) | 32 (22.86) | ||||
  20 ~  | 73 (12.61) | 172 (26.83) | 19 (12.75) | 81 (34.03) | 0 (0.00) | 55 (39.29) | ||||
  30 ~  | 248 (42.83) | 186 (29.02) | 77 (51.68) | 51 (21.43) | 2 (1.48) | 36 (25.71) | ||||
 Exclusive breastfeeding | 536(92.57) | 409(63.80) | 131.476# |  < 0.001 | 142 (95.30) | 96 (40.34) | 116.922 |  < 0.001 | 133 (98.52) | 112 (80.00) |
No applied medicine to the umbilical cord | 590 (98.50) | 68 (9.73) | 1042.438# |  < 0.001 | 147 (98.00) | 1 (0.37) | 403.733 |  < 0.001 | 134 (97.81) | 65 (45.45) |
Routine eye care | 558(93.16) | 61(8.73) | 965.278# |  < 0.001 | 150 (100.00) | 0 (0.00) | 421.000 |  < 0.001 | 135(98.54) | 59(41.26) |
Intramuscular injection of vitamin K1 | 589(98.33) | 622(88.98) | 71.015# |  < 0.001 | 149(99.33) | 270 (99.63) | 0.000§ | 1.000 | 137 (100.00) | 142 (99.30) |
 | Qinghai Province (n = 280) | Sichuan Province (n = 282) | Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (n = 315) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | t/χ2 | P | Intervention (n = 152) | Control (n = 130) | t/χ2 | P | Intervention (n = 160) | Control (n = 155) | t/χ2 | P |
SSC | 111.094 |  < 0.001 |  |  | 8.959§ | 0.003 |  |  | 4.208§ | 0.040 |
 Any SSC |  |  | 151 (99.34) | 121 (93.08) |  |  | 159 (99.38) | 149 (96.13) |  |  |
 Time of SSC initiation post birth (min) | — | — |  |  | — |  < 0.001* |  |  | 244.389§ |  < 0.001 |
   < 1 |  |  | 132 (87.42) | 8 (6.61) |  |  | 149 (93.71) | 7 (4.70) |  |  |
  1 ~ 10 | 19 (12.58) | 91 (75.21) | 10 (6.29) | 115 (77.18) | ||||||
  11 ~ 59 | 0 (0.00) | 17 (14.05) | 0 (0.00) | 13 (8.72) | ||||||
  ≥ 60 | 0 (0.00) | 5 (4.13) | 0 (0.00) | 14 (9.40) | ||||||
 SSC duration (min) | 113.372 |  < 0.001 |  |  | 233.929 |  < 0.001 |  |  | 167.786 |  < 0.001 |
   < 10 |  |  | 2 (1.32) | 44 (36.36) |  |  | 8 (5.03) | 61 (40.94) |  |  |
  10 ~  | 2 (1.32) | 25 (20.66) | 26 (16.35) | 76 (51.01) | ||||||
  30 ~  | 4 (2.65) | 50 (41.32) | 25 (15.72) | 10 (6.71) | ||||||
  60 ~  | 16 (10.60) | 1 (0.83) | 5 (3.14) | 2 (1.34) | ||||||
   ≥ 90 | 127 (84.11) | 1 (0.83) | 95 (59.75) | 0 (0.00) | ||||||
s | ||||||||||
 Successful first-time breastfeeding with provision of SSC | 0.642§ | 0.423 | 148 (98.01) | 103 (85.12) | 15.664 |  < 0.001 | 95 (59.75) | 101 (67.79) | 2.147 | 0.143 |
 Any breastfeeding | 0.000§ | 1.000 | 143 (94.08) | 119 (91.54) | 0.686 | 0.407 | 152 (95.00) | 144 (92.90) | 0.611 | 0.435 |
 Initiation (min) | 35.569 |  < 0.001* |  |  | 2.691 | 0.260 |  |  | 13.737 |  < 0.001 |
   ≤ 60 |  |  | 134 (93.71) | 106 (89.08) |  |  | 112 (73.68) | 124 (86.11) |  |  |
  61 ~ 90 | 3 (2.10) | 7 (5.88) | 28 (18.42) | 20 (13.89) | ||||||
  > 90 | 6 (4.20) | 6 (5.04) | 12 (7.89) | 0 (0.00) | ||||||
 Duration (min) | 125.772 |  < 0.001 |  |  | — |  < 0.001 |  |  | 6.432 | 0.092 |
   < 10 |  |  | 0 (0.00) | 9 (7.56) |  |  | 12 (7.89) | 9 (6.25) |  |  |
  10 ~  | 10 (6.99) | 42 (35.29) | 50 (32.89) | 68 (47.22) | ||||||
  20 ~  | 16 (11.19) | 6 (5.04) | 38 (25.00) | 30 (20.83) | ||||||
  30 ~  | 117 (81.82) | 62 (52.10) | 52 (34.21) | 37 (25.69) | ||||||
 Exclusive breastfeeding | 24.250 |  < 0.001 | 127 (88.81) | 96 (80.67) | 3.396 | 0.065 | 134 (88.16) | 105 (72.92) | 11.048 | 0.001 |
No applied medicine to the umbilical cord | 93.283 |  < 0.001 | 150 (98.68) | 2 (1.54) | 266.132 |  < 0.001 | 159 (99.38) | 0 (0.00) | 311.025 |  < 0.001 |
Routine eye care | 107.880 |  < 0.001 | 152 (100.00) | 0 (0.00) | 282.000 |  < 0.001 | 121 (75.63) | 2 (1.29) | 182.784 |  < 0.001 |
Intramuscular injection of vitamin K1 | 0.000§ | 1.000 | 152 (100.00) | 130 (100.00) | — | — | 151 (94.38) | 80 (51.61) | 73.619 |  < 0.001 |