Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression models assessing the relationships between the use of long-acting modern contraception and health facility-, individual-, household-, and community-level factors (N = 10,384)
Characteristics | Null model | Health facility-level model, aOR (95% CI) | Health facility-, individual-, and household-level model, aOR (95% CI) | Health facility-, individual-, household-, and community-level model, aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
General health service readiness | ||||
 Health facility management system |  | 1.76 (1.18–2.36)** | 1.66 (1.28–2.40)** | 1.59 (1.21–2.42)* |
 Health facility infrastructure |  | 1.48 (0.98–1.78) | 1.47 (0.90–1.95) | 1.44 (1.01–1.69)** |
Degree of availability of LAMCs at the nearest health care facility |  | 2.17 (1.19–3.20)** | 2.23 (1.43–3.76)* | 2.16 (1.18–3.21)* |
Readiness of the nearest health care facility (where LAMCs are available) to provide LAMCs |  | 1.76 (1.14–3.18)** | 1.64 (1.16–3.20)** | 1.74 (1.15–3.20)** |
Average distance on road communication from women’s resided cluster to the nearest health facility where LAMCs are available |  | 0.78 (0.44–0.98)** | 0.74 (0.42–0.97)** | 0.73 (0.46–0.96)** |
Women’s age | ||||
  ≤ 19 (ref) |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 20–34 |  |  | 0.82 (0.71–0.96)** | 0.84 (0.72–0.97)** |
  ≥ 35 |  |  | 0.61 (0.48–0.78)** | 0.63 (0.50–0.80)** |
Women’s education status | ||||
 No formal education (Ref) |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Primary |  |  | 1.52 (1.33–1.73)** | 1.55 (1.36–1.77)** |
 Secondary |  |  | 1.73 (1.48–2.03)** | 1.79 (1.53–2.10)** |
 Higher |  |  | 1.33 (1.02–1.74)** | 1.34 (1.03–1.75)** |
Women’s employment status | ||||
 No (ref) |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes |  |  | 1.41 (1.27–1.57)** | 1.37 (1.23–1.52)** |
Husbands’ education status | ||||
 No education (ref) |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Primary |  |  | 0.91 (0.81–1.04) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) |
 Secondary |  |  | 0.60 (0.52–0.69)** | 1.61 (1.53–1.71)** |
 Higher |  |  | 0.43 (0.34–0.55)** | 1.44 (1.34–1.55)** |
Husbands’ occupation | ||||
 Agricultural worker (ref) |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Physical worker |  |  | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.88 (0.78–0.99)* |
 Services |  |  | 1.24 (0.91–1.90) | 1.18 (0.86–1.61) |
 Business |  |  | 1.29 (1.11–1.48)** | 1.23 (1.06–1.42)** |
 Other |  |  | 0.26 (0.07–0.90)** | 0.26 (0.08–0.91)** |
Number of children ever given birth | ||||
 No children (ref) |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 1–2 children |  |  | 9.93 (4.70–20.96)* | 9.84 (4.66–20.81)* |
  > 2 children |  |  | 9.90 (4.70–20.85)* | 9.92 (4.71–20.91)* |
Intervals between the two most recent live births | ||||
  ≤ 2 years |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 3–4 years |  |  | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) |
  > 4 years |  |  | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) |
Family type | ||||
 Nuclear (ref) |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Joint |  |  | 1.18 (1.06–1.30)** | 1.21 (1.10–1.35)** |
Household wealth quintile | ||||
 Richest (ref) |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Richer |  |  | 1.32 (1.11–1.57)** | 1.41 (1.18–1.68)** |
 Middle |  |  | 1.52 (1.27–1.82)** | 1.71 (1.42–2.06)** |
 Poorer |  |  | 1.81 (1.50–2.18)** | 2.09 (1.72–2.54)** |
 Poorest |  |  | 2.54 (2.09–3.10)** | 2.94 (2.38–3.62)** |
Place of residence | ||||
 Urban (ref) |  |  |  | 1.00 |
 Rural |  |  |  | 0.66 (0.57–0.77)** |
Region (administrative division) | ||||
 Barishal (ref) |  |  |  | 1.00 |
 Chottogram |  |  |  | 1.11 (0.85–1.43) |
 Dhaka |  |  |  | 1.46 (1.13–1.89)** |
 Khulna |  |  |  | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) |
 Mymensingh |  |  |  | 1.16 (0.88–1.53) |
 Rajshahi |  |  |  | 1.44 (1.11–1.87)** |
 Rangpur |  |  |  | 1.59 (1.22–2.06)** |
 Sylhet |  |  |  | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) |
Model summary | ||||
 AIC | 12,991.51 | 11,146.06 | 10,969.60 | 10.912.18 |
 BIC | 13,006 | 11,325.92 | 11,139.61 | 11,138.87 |
 ICC | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
 Median Odds Ratio | 1.80 | 1.78 | 1.78 | 1.68 |
 Variance of the random intercept | 0.38 (0.04) | 0.45 (0.03) | 0.61 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.404) |