Table 1 Eligibility criteria for the studies

Inclusion criteria

 Full text written in English

 Published between 2013 and 2021

 Empirical research and evidence synthesis papers

 Peer-reviewed articles published in a scientific journal

 Articles that operationalize resilience by using resilience concepts in study designs and methods

Exclusion criteria

 Individual/psychological resilience (including resilience of health care providers)

 Resilience that focuses on delivery of health services, like patient safety, without link to the broader health system and its functions

 Resilience that is not related to health systems (e.g. development, agriculture, climate)

 Editorials, commentaries, opinion papers, and conference abstracts