Table 2 Methodologies and direct medical costs associated of yCRC versus aCRC

Studies estimating the annualized costs of prevalent disease

 Byun, 2014 [10]

Estimated costs associated with CRC. Only considered the cost of prescription medication if it was indicated for CRC treatment

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Societal^a

Male^b

10–19 years: 16,078

20–29 years: 12,466

30–39 years: 10,156

40–49 years: 9,778

Female^b

10–19 years: 16,801

20–29 years: 15,816

30–39 years: 14,044

40–49 years: 13,658

Male^b

50–59 years: 9,501

60–69 years: 8,430

70–79 years: 7,580

80–89 years: 6,649

90–100 years: 5,962

Female^b

50–59 years: 12,148

60–69 years: 11,099

70–79 years: 11,530

80–89 years: 12,466

90–100 years: 12,509

N/A

N/A

 Zheng, 2016 [11]

Estimated the costs associated with and attributed to (i.e., net cost) a CRC diagnosis

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Societal^a

 < 65 years

Total^c: 13,837

Outpatient: 7,021

Inpatient: 5,053

Medications: 1,595

Net^d: 9,745

Outpatient: 5,597

Inpatient: 3,948

Medications: 650

 ≥ 65 years

Total^c: 14,997

Outpatient: 4,151

Inpatient: 5,942

Medications: 3,104

Net^d: 5,537

Outpatient: 1,668

Inpatient: 2,970

Prescription: 726

N/A

N/A

 Huang, 2017 [12]

Estimated costs associated with CRC. Including 2 months prior to diagnosis until the survey date

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Societal^a

 < 45 years: 11,918

45–54 years: 11,994

55–64 years: 10,748

 ≥ 65 years: 10,644

Generalized linear models

Not significant

 Tran, 2020 [13]

Estimated costs associated with CRC

○

○

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Societal

 < 30 years: 2,263

30–39 years: 2,517

40–49 years: 2,335

50–59 years: 2,191

60–69 years: 1,932

 ≥ 70 years: 1,412

N/A

N/A

 Gigli, 2021[14]

Estimated cost of care related to rectal cancer treatment (i.e., cost calculation only included the cost of procedures and medications related to rectal cancer treatment)

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Healthcare provider

15–49 years:

Initial^e: 27,692

Continuing^f: 3,709

Terminal^g: 31,359

50–69 years:

Initial^e: 24,083

Continuing^f: 3,290

Terminal^g: 25,450

70–79 years:

Initial^e: 23,184

Continuing^f: 2,444

Terminal^g: 18,338

 ≥ 80 years:

Initial^e: 18,214

Continuing^f: 1,620

Terminal^g: 7,311

N/A

N/A

Studies estimating the costs of incident disease

 Taplin, 1995 [17]

Estimated costs associated with colon cancer by phases of care

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Healthcare provider^a

 < 65 years

Initial^e: 28,013

Continuing^f: 2,594

Terminal^g: 30,046

65–79 years

Initial^e: 27,614

Continuing^f: 2,454

Terminal^g: 22,179

 ≥ 80 years

Initial^e: 26,802

Continuing^f: 2,253

Terminal^g: 19,575

Multivariate linear regression

Not significant

 Clerc, 2008 [16]

Estimated costs associated with CRC during the 12 months following diagnosis

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Healthcare provider^a

 < 65 years: 46,624 ^h

Medical purchasesⁱ: 12,101

Outpatient: 8,278

Inpatient: 24,988

65–74 years: 42,978 ^h

Medical purchasesⁱ: $11,949

Outpatient: 7,485

Inpatient: 22,489

 ≥ 75 years: 38,668 ^h

Medical purchasesⁱ: 7,492

Outpatient: 7,076

Inpatient: 23,192

Multivariate linear regression

Not significant

 Hall, 2015 [15]

Estimated costs associated with CRC, 6, 12 and 15 months following diagnosis

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Healthcare providerⁱ

 < 65 years

6 months: 19,097

12 months: 23,368

15 months: 25,319

 ≥ 65 years

6 months: 17,858

12 months: 19,929

15 months: 20,978

Multivariate linear regression

Not significant

 Laudicella, 2016 [18]

Estimated costs associated with CRC treatment

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Healthcare providerⁱ

 < 65 years

Stage 1/2

Year 1: 27,360

Year 2: 6,708

Year 3: 5,631

Year 4: 4,435

Year 5: 4,028

Year 6: 2,873

Year 7: 2,972

Year 8: 2,756

Year 9: 2,428

Stage 3/4:

Year 1: 35,206

Year 2: 11,774

Year 3: 8,163

Year 4: 6,734

Year 5: 4,910

Year 6: 4,169

Year 7: 4,798

Year 8: 3,763

Year 9: 2,701

 ≥ 65 years

Stage 1/2:

Year 1: 26,048

Year 2: 6,640

Year 3: 5,567

Year 4: 4,771

Year 5: 4,829

Year 6: 4,872

Year 7: 4,503

Year 8: 4,901

Year 9: 4,229

Stage 3/4:

Year 1: 28,277

Year 2: 9,437

Year 3: 7,459

Year 4: 6,006

Year 5: 5,668

Year 6: 5,420

Year 7: 3,739

Year 8: 4,629

Year 9: 3,769

N/A

N/A

 Ritzwoller, 2018 [19]

Estimated costs associated with CRC during the 12 months following diagnosis

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Healthcare provider^a

 < 65 years

De Novo^j: 89,945

Recurrent^k: 61,935

 ≥ 65 years

De Novo^j: 67,195

Recurrent^k: 49,279

N/A

N/A

 Shi, 2019  [20]

Estimated costs associated with CRC treatment

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Societal^a

2002–2011

 < 45: 7,151

45–54: 7,085

2009–2011

 < 45: 10,087

45–54: 9,846

2002–2011

55–64: 6,680

 ≥ 65: 6,933

2009–2011

55–64: 8,193

 ≥ 65: 8,354

N/A

N/A

 Goldsbury, 2021[21]

Estimated costs associated with colon and rectal cancer during the 12 months following diagnosis

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Healthcare provider

45–54 years

Colon: 36,064

Rectal: 40,720

55- 64 years

Colon: 31,869

Rectal: 36,488

65–74 years

Colon: 29,723

Rectal: 30,754

 ≥ 75 years

Colon: 23,251

Rectal: 32,695

Multivariable gamma regression

Colon:

higher costs associated with age < 55 years old at diagnosis

Rectal:

higher costs associated with age < 65 years old at diagnosis

 Paszat, 2021 [22]

Estimated costs associated with CRC during the 12 months following diagnosis

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Healthcare provider

20–49 years

44,291

65–74 years

41,063

N/A

N/A

 Utsumi, 2021[23]

Estimated costs associated with CRC within 3 years of diagnosis

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Healthcare provider

30–39 years

Endoscopic^l: 8,733

Surgical^m: 22,755

Palliativeⁿ: 55,713

40–49 years

Endoscopic^l: 5,717

Surgical^m: 26,386

Palliativeⁿ: 72,016

50–59 years

Endoscopic^l: 8,184

Surgical^m: 26,507

Palliativeⁿ: 80,516

60–69 years

Endoscopic^l: 12,681

Surgical^m: 33,424

Palliativeⁿ: 78,840

70–71 years

Endoscopic^l: 12,811

Surgical^m: 29,160

Palliativeⁿ: 70,936

N/A

N/A