Characteristic | All | Massachusetts | Comparison states | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007–2012 | Pre-ban | Post-ban | Pre-ban | Post-ban | |
Number of ED visits | 361,006 | 33,552 | 92,723 | 54,602 | 149,869 |
White patients, non-Hispanic | 181,337 | 26,319 | 72,293 | 17,362 | 49,954 |
Black patients, non-Hispanic | 102,121 | 4173 | 11,756 | 21,253 | 57,417 |
Hispanic patients | 65,889 | 2029 | 5886 | 14,471 | 38,135 |
Other patients | 10,659 | 1031 | 2788 | 1516 | 4363 |
Age, % | |||||
66–74 | 26.5% | 25.0% | 27.5% | 26.7% | 26.8% |
75–84 | 40.8% | 41.2% | 37.2% | 43.6% | 39.6% |
85+ | 32.7% | 33.9% | 35.4% | 29.8% | 33.6% |
Female, % | 66.9% | 66.7% | 67.4% | 68.2% | 66.4% |
Medicaid (dual coverage) eligible, % | 27.2% | 31% | 29.8% | 26.4% | 27.6% |
Patient status indicators | |||||
Advanced Life Support (ALS) transports, % | 64.9% | 53.0% | 54.2% | 65.1% | 65.4% |
ED visit resulting in hospital admission, % | 55.2% | 59.4% | 55.6% | 57.4% | 54.2% |
Principal ED diagnosis, % | |||||
Acute myocardial infarction | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 2.1% | 1.6% |
Congestive heart failure | 3.6% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 3.7% | 3.5% |
Pneumonia | 3.1% | 3.8% | 3.0% | 3.3% | 3.0% |
Stroke | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 2.5% | 2.0% |
Sepsis | 3.1% | 1.2% | 2.2% | 2.6% | 3.4% |
Gastrointestinal bleeding | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.8% |
Arrhythmia | 3.9% | 4.4% | 3.8% | 4.1% | 3.8% |
Serious injury/trauma | 3.9% | 3.0% | 3.3% | 4.4% | 3.8% |
Other | 76.9% | 78.3% | 78.8% | 75.5% | 77.2% |
Area characteristics | |||||
Number of EDs in 3-mile vicinity, % | |||||
0 or 1 | 82.9% | 70.1% | 77.9% | 82.6% | 83.4% |
2 or more | 17.1% | 29.9% | 22.1% | 17.4% | 16.6% |
Urban location, No. (%) | |||||
Zip code in largest 16 cities | 14.6% | 14.5% | 14.0% | 14.8% | 14.6% |
Other zip codes | 85.4% | 85.5% | 86.0% | 85.3% | 85.4% |
Zip code households in poverty, % | |||||
Lowest poverty tertile | 34.8% | 32.6% | 34.6% | 33.3% | 35.4% |
Second tertile | 32.5% | 29.0% | 29.9% | 32.8% | 32.5% |
Highest poverty tertile | 32.7% | 38.4% | 35.6% | 33.9% | 32.1% |
Zip codes with > 25% census population black, % | 15.8% | 10.1% | 9.4% | 16.3% | 15.9% |
Zip codes with > 25% census population Hispanic, % | 24.5% | 13.8% | 11.3% | 25.7% | 24.9% |