Table 4 Binary logistic regression analyses; individual associations between modifiable prognostic factors and high costs

Pain severity (NRS, 0-10)

1169 (1.059-1.291)

1.147 (1.031-1.277)

1.295 (1.198-1.400)

1.324 (1.203-1.457)

Disability (RMDQ, 0-24)

1146 (1.096-1.198)

1.140 (1.087-1.195)

1.143 (1.101-1.186)

1.143 (1.092-1.196)

Emotional well-being (CES-D, 0-60)

1.050 (1.024-1.076)

1.040 (1.013-1.068)

1.041 (1.017-1.065)

1.038 (1.010-1.066)

Kinesiophobia (FABQ-PA, 0-24)

1.050 (1.012-1.090)

1.030 (0.990-1.071)

1.037 (1.005-1.071)

1.034 (0.997-1.073)

Comorbidity (SCQ, 0-15)

1.611 (1.363-1.905)

1.614 (1.339-1.945)

1.179 (1.051-1.323)

1.091 (0.948-1.254)

Radiating pain below knee (ref: no)

2.604 (1.662-4.080)

2.254 (1.389-3.660)

2.124 (1.468-3.073)

1.507 (0.969-2.345)

 3. percentile

2.731 (1.237-6.029)

2.167 (0.956-4.909)

2.876 (1.649-5.016)

2.328 (1.222-4.437)

 2. percentile

3.836 (1.774-8.296)

2.778 (1.250-6.173)

2.406 (1.440-4.021)

2.198 (1.221-3.958)

 1. percentile

7.185 (3.377-15.290)

4.913 (2.235-10.803)

4.326 (2.562-7.303)

3.937 (2.082-7.445)

 3. percentile

0.917 (0.452-1.859)

1.095 (0.523-2.292)

0.861 (0.473-1.556)

0.813 (0.410-1.613)

 2. percentile

2.092 (1.104-3.961)

2.162 (1.102-4.240)

0.503 (0.272-0.933)

0.382 (0.187-0.784)

 1. percentile

2.717 (1.444-5.113)

2.583 (1.317-5.068)

1.375 (0.779-2.367)

1.173 (0.629-2.185)

 Much better

2.321 (1.300-4.144)

1.622 (0.878-2.997)

1.552 (0.849-2.840)

1.129 (0.583-2.186)

 No change or worse

1.547 (0.784-3.053)

1.004 (0.483-2.087)

1.887 (1.093-3.257)

1.275 (0.680-2.391)