Table 4 Factors associated with utilization of all ANC components as per RDHS 2019–20
Characteristics | ANC quality Crude odds ratio cOR (95% CI) | P-value | ANC quality Adjusted model aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
 35 to 49 | 1 |  | 1 |
 20 to 34 | 2.13 (1.78–2.56) |  < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.82–1.30) |
 15 to 19 | 2.54 (1.52–4.26) |  < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.46–1.40) |
Education Level | |||
 No Education | 1 |  | 1 |
 Primary Education | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) | 0.383 | 0.76 (0.56–1.02) |
 Secondary Education | 2.01 (1.49–2.70) |  < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.62–1.28) |
 Tertiary | 1.95 (1.31–2.88) | 0.001 | 0.93 (0.53–1.62) |
Exposure to newspapers/magazines | |||
 No | 1 |  | 1 |
 Less than once a week | 1.40 (1.07–1.82) |  < 0.001 | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) |
 At least once a week | 1.93 (1.46–2.54) | 0.014 | 1.48 (1.09–2.02) |
Exposure to radio | |||
 No | 1 |  | 1 |
 Less than once a week | 1.30 (1.01–1.67) | 0.047 | 1.18 (0.90–1.56) |
 At least once a week | 1.31 (1.07–1.60) | 0.009 | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) |
Exposure to TV | |||
 No | 1 |  | 1 |
 Less than once a week | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) | 0.065 | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) |
 At least once a week | 1.36 (1.10–1.70) | 0.007 | 1.35 (0.99–1.85) |
Internet access | |||
 No | 1 |  | 1 |
 Yes | 1.52 (1.25–1.86) |  < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) |
Parity | |||
 5 and above | 1 |  | 1 |
 2–4 | 3.53 (2.44–5.12) |  < 0.001 | 2.65 (1.74–4.02) |
 Less than 2 | 8.42 (5.80–12.23) |  < 0.001 | 6.04 (3.82–9.57) |
Marital | |||
 Not married | 1 |  | 1 |
 Married | 0.76 (0.62–0.92) | 0.005 | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) |
Has health insurance | |||
 No | 1 |  | 1 |
 Yes | 1.41 (1.14–1.74) | 0.001 | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) |
Visited by a fieldworker | |||
 No | 1 |  | 1 |
 Yes | 1.49 (1.25–1.78) |  < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.23–1.76) |
Working status | |||
 Not working | 1 |  | 1 |
 Working | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) |  < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.66–0.95) |
Permission to access healthcare | |||
 Big problem | 1 |  | - |
 Not big problem | 1.23 (0.81–1.87) | 0.334 | - |
Distance to health facility | |||
 Big problem | 1 |  | 1 |
 Not big problem | 1.37 (1.11–1.70) | 0.004 | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) |
Residence | |||
 Rural | 1 |  | 1 |
 Urban | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | 0.039 | 1.10 (0.85–1.41) |
Region | |||
 North | 1 |  | 1 |
 East | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.300 | 0.83 (0.59–1.15) |
 West | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 0.483 | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) |
 South | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 0.224 | 1.10 (0.83–1.47) |
 Kigali | 1.01 (0.74–1.38) | 0.955 | 0.84 (0.59–1.20) |
Household Size | |||
 6 and above | 1 |  | 1 |
 Less than 6 | 2.12 (1.77–2.53) |  < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.10–1.63) |
Wealth Index | |||
 Poorest | 1 |  | 1 |
 Poorer | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 0.519 | 1.07 (0.82–1.41) |
 Middle | 0.96 (0.73–1.25) | 0.738 | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) |
 Richer | 1.41 (1.10–1.81) | 0.007 | 1.23 (0.93–1.63) |
 Richest | 1.26 (0.98–1.61) | 0.068 | 0.88 (0.59–1.30) |
ANC timing | |||
 After first trimester | 1 |  | 1 |
 Within first trimester | 2.09 (1.76–2.48) |  < 0.001 | 1.45 (1.18–1.79) |
ANC frequency | |||
 Less than 4 | 1 |  | 1 |
 4 and above | 2.09 (1.77–2.46) |  < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.25–1.85) |
ANC facility | |||
 Private | 1 |  | 1 |
 Public | 2.28 (1.43–3.62) | 0.001 | 1.65 (0.99–2.75) |