Table 3 Description of studies: pain

De Boer et al. 2014 [45*]

Pain

✓

Netherlands

N Participants:

72

Internet delivered, CBT-based, pain management course, with email feedback from psychologist (N = 22)

Face-to-face CBT-based pain management course (N = 28)

Both courses had 8 sessions (7 × 2 hr. sessions plus 1 × 2 hr. booster session 2mths later).

Facilitated by ‘Trained Psychologist’

Pain Catastrophising Scale

Societal

15wks

Pain Centre at Hospital, (Groningen)

Age in years (mean):

Internet: 50.6 (10.7); Face-to-face: 53.2 (11.7)

Euros (2013)

Sex (% female):

Internet: 68.2; Face-to-face: 60.7

Ethnicity (% white):

Not given

Goossens et al. 2015 [46]

Pain

✓

✓

Netherlands

N Participants:

85

Graded Exposure (GE, N = 42) versus Graded Activity (GA, N = 43).

GE involved developing a personalised hierarchy of feared movements and working through these (exposure) in a systematic fashion (16 × 1 hr. sessions).

GA involved Education and treatment rationale plus 25x1hr sessions of gradually increasing activity.

Both Interventions delivered by a team consisting of psychologist, physiotherapists and OT.

Quebec Back Pain disability Scale (used in CEA)

QALYs (SF-36 used in CUA)

Health care, social and personal expenses, and lost productivity

12mths

Outpatient rehabilitation centres

Age in years (mean, SD):

Graded Activity: 45.45 (8.42); Graded Exposure: 47.13 (9.58); Overall: 46.3 (8.98)

Euros (2014)

Sex (% female):

Graded Activity: 50; Graded Exposure: 50

Ethnicity (% white):

Not given

Hedman-Lagerlof et al. 2019 [17*]

Fibromyalgia (FM)

✓

✓

Sweden (Stockholm); internet recruitment

N Participants:

140

i-EXP (internet delivered exposure therapy for pain; N = 70) versus WLC (waiting list control; N = 70).

i-EXP group received 10 week programme of internet delivered education and exposure to Fibromyalgia and pain related stimuli.

Psychological therapists qualified to at least Masters level.

Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ used in CEA)

QALYs (EQ-5D, used in CUA)

Costs include Direct medical costs and non medical costs as well as lost capacity

12mths

Age in years (mean, SD):

i-EXP: 51.8 (10.7); WLC: 49.3 (10.0)

SKK (2016) converted to USD

Sex (% female):

i-EXP: 97; WLC: 99.

Ethnicity (% white):

Not given

Kemani et al. 2015 [62*]

Pain

✓

Sweden (Stockholm); internet recruitment

N Participants:

60

ACT intervention (N = 30) delivered by Clinical Psychologists and an ACT trained physician. AR intervention (N = 30) delivered by Clinical Psychologists. ACT and AR both were 12 × 1.5 hr. weekly sessions

Pain Disability Index (PDI used in CEA)

Direct and indirect medical costs as well as some social costs

6mths

Consecutive referrals from primary and secondary care

Age in years (mean, SD):

ACT = 38.7 (11.1); AR = 42.0 (11.6)

SKK converted to USD (2013)

Sex (% female):

ACT = 80; AR = 66.7

Ethnicity (% white):

Not given

Luciano et al. 2014 [71*]

Fibromyalgia (FM)

✓

Spain (Zaragoza);

N Participants:

169

Three groups:

A = CBT (N = 57)

B = RPT (medication, N = 56)

C = TAU (N = 56)

CBT delivered by trained clinicians.

The CBT intervention was delivered in groups over 9 sessions.

QALYs (EQ-5D-3L),

Direct and Indirect costs.

6mths

Multicentre recruitment but not delivery; 41 general practices

Age in years (mean, SD):

CBT = 46.35 (6.71); RPT = 47.12 (6.25); TAU = 47.04 (6.53)

Euros (2011)

Sex (% female):

CBT = 94.7; RPT = 92.9; TAU = 96.4

Ethnicity (% white):

Not given

Luciano et al. 2017 [72*]

Fibromyalgia (FM)

✓

Spain (Zaragoza);

N Participants:

156

Three groups:

A = ACT (N = 51)

B = RPT (Medication, N = 52)

C = WLC N = 47).

ACT group delivered by qualified, trained and experienced clinical psychologist. Participants received eight sessions of 2.5 hours group sessions (manualised and fidelity checked).

QALYs (EQ-5D-3L);

Both Direct and Indirect costs.

6 mths

General practices (multicentre recruitment but not delivery)

Age in years (mean, SD):

ACT mean age = 48.88 (5.94), RPT = 47.77 (5.87), WL = 48.28 (5.71).

Euros (2014 price year)

Sex (% female):

ACT = 96.1

RPT = 98.1

WL = 94.3

Ethnicity (% white):

Not given

Luciano et al. 2013 [69*]

Fibromyalgia (FM)

✓

Spain (Zaragoza);

N Participants:

216

Intervention group (N = 108) received 5 × 2 hr. group sessions of education and 4 × 2 hr. group sessions on autogenic training (relaxation).

Staff mainly clinical psychologists plus one rheumatologist.

Waiting list control (N = 108) consisted of medication as usual and also received counselling on importance of exercise.

QALYs (EQ-5D-3L);

Both Direct and Indirect costs.

12 mths

General practices (multicentre recruitment but not delivery)

Age in years (mean, SD):

Intervention: 55.17 (8.58); Control: 55.42 (8.63)

Euros (2008 price year)

Sex (% female):

Intervention group: 97.2%; Control: 98.1%

Ethnicity (% white):

Not given

Norton 2015 [83*]

Pain

✓

UK data applied to US database

N Participants:

701

All study participants received Active Management (15 min with nurse) and The Back Book.

The control group (N = 233) received nothing further.

The intervention group (N = 468) also received 6 CBT group sessions, 90 mins long, delivered over 6 weeks.

Delivered by a mixture of professionals, including psychologists Intervention group

QALYs (EQ-5D-3L from Lamb 2010 data) [84];

Health care costs only

10 yrs. (modelled)

(Lamb et al. 2010 [84] data) applied to US insurance claims data

Age in years (mean, SD):

54(15) [NB: From UK Lamb et al. 2010 [84] study which were applied to the US data]

GBP (2008 price year)/ USD (price year not reported)

Sex (% female):

60

Ethnicity (% white):

88

Herman 2017 [49]

Pain

✓

USA (Washington State); recruitment from “integrative healthcare system”

N Participants:

342

MBSR (N = 116) vs CBT (N = 113) vs Usual Care (N = 113).

CBT intervention delivered by psychologists over eight, weekly, 2 hr. sessions.

MBSR intervention delivered by trained MBSR instructors over eight, weekly, 2 hr. sessions.

MBSR group also received a 6 hr. retreat in addition to the group sessions.

QALYs (SF-12)

Payer and societal perspective

1 yr

Age in years (mean, range):

49 (20-70)

USD (2013)

Sex (% female):

66

Ethnicity (% white):

82.50

Bennell et al., 2016 [35*]

Pain (osteoarthritis)

✓

Australia; Community

N Participants:

222

Cognitive and behavioural pain coping skills training (PCST (N = 74), versus exercise (N = 75), versus PCST and exercise combined (N = 73);

All had 10 individual sessions with a physical therapist over 12 weeks;

Therapists had ‘extensive’ PCST training from psychologists

QALYs (AQOL-6D)

Societal

12mths

Age in years (mean, SD):

Gp 1: 62.7 (7.9), Gp 2: 63.0 (7.9), Gp 3: 64.6 (8.3).

A$ (Australian) (2012)

Sex (% female):

Gp 1: 59, Gp 2: 61, Gp 3: 60.

Ethnicity (% white):

Not given