Table 4 Main effect by two-way ANOVA between profession
Midwives (M) n = 101 | Physicians (P) n = 44 | Nursing assistants (NA) n = 28 | F | P value | Tukey’s HSD | Effect size5 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||
S-Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture | ||||||||
Unit level dimensions | ||||||||
Communication openness1 | 3.7 (.63) | 3.7 (.60) | 3.7 (.64) | F(2,164) = .10 | .903 | |||
Feedback and communication about error1 | 3.9 (.67) | 3.6 (.70) | 3.9 (.81) | F(2,164) = 1.37 | .258 | |||
Nonpunitive response to error2 | 3.8 (.77) | 3.8 (.81) | 3.8 (.71) | F(2,164) = .33 | .722 | |||
Organizational learning – continuous improvement2 | 3.6 (.58) | 3.7 (.62) | 3.8 (.74) | F(2,164) = .87 | .423 | |||
Staffing2 | 3.3 (.89) | 2.9 (.99) | 3.6 (.65) | F(2,165) = 5.16 | .0074 | NA > P (p = .002) | .06 | |
Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety2 | 3.7 (.84) | 3.7 (.67) | 4.1 (.78) | F(2,164) = 1.46 | .235 | |||
Teamwork within units2 | 4.3 (.51) | 4.1 (.46) | 4.3 (.59) | F(2,165) = 1.96 | .144 | |||
Information and support to patients and family who have suffered an adverse event2 | 3.8 (.58) | 4.1 (.64) | 3.9 (.73) | F(2.165) = 4.73 | .010 | P > M (p = .012) | .05 | |
Information and support to staff who have been involved in an adverse event2 | 3.5 (.87) | 3.6 (.85) | 4.0 (.95) | F(2,164) = 2.15 | .120 | |||
Hospital level dimensions | ||||||||
Handoffs and transitions2 | 3.7 (.63) | 3.5 (.80) | 3.8 (.73) | F(2,166) = 1.20 | .303 | |||
Management support for patient safety2 | 2.8 (.85) | 3.2 (.83) | 3.0 (.80) | F(2,165) = 2.70 | .070 | |||
Teamwork across units2 | 3.4 (.68) | 3.7 (.60) | 3.5 (.86) | F(2,166) = 2.88 | .059 | |||
Outcome dimensions | ||||||||
Frequency of events reported1 | 3.2 (.76) | 3.1 (.87) | 3.5 (.87) | F(2,163) = 2.32 | .101 | |||
Overall perceptions of patient safety2 | 3.8 (.67) | 3.7 (.78) | 4.1 (.69) | F(2,165) = 2.88 | .059 | |||
TeamSTEPPS® Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire | n = 102 | n = 44 | n = 30 | |||||
Team Structure3 | 4.0 (.61) | 3.7 (.83) | 4.3 (.67) | F(2,168) = 7.21 | .001 | NA > P (p = .000) M > P (p = .022) | .08 | |
Leadership3 | 3.5 (.93) | 3.8 (.73) | 4.1 (.97) | F(2,168) = 3.03 | .051 | |||
Situation monitoring3 | 4.0 (.58) | 3.7 (.59) | 3.9 (.72) | F(2,167) = 1.62 | .202 | |||
Mutual support3 | 3.9 (.62) | 3.6 (.69) | 3.9 (.71) | F(2,167) = 2.27 | .107 | |||
Communication3 | 4.0 (.57) | 3.7 (.68) | 3.9 (.62) | F(2,168) = 2.05 | .132 | |||