Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression results on the association between child marriage and ≥ 4 ANC visits among childbearing young women in sub-Saharan Africa
Variables | Model 0 | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
Age at first marriage | |||||
18-24 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
< 18 years | 0.60*** (0.57-0.63) | 0.87*** (0.84-0.91) | 0.69*** (0.66-0.72) | 0.88*** (0.84-0.93) | |
Level of education | |||||
No education | 1 | ||||
Primary | 1.51*** (1.41-1.61) | 1.39*** (1.30-1.48) | |||
Secondary/higher | 2.26*** (2.10-2.43) | 1.85*** (1.71-1.99) | |||
Marital status | |||||
Married | 1 | 1 | |||
Cohabiting | 1.12*** (1.06-1.19) | 1.15*** (1.09-1.22) | |||
Parity | |||||
One birth | 1 | 1 | |||
Two births | 0.86*** (0.82-0.91) | 0.86*** (0.82-0.91) | |||
Three births | 0.80*** (0.74-0.85) | 0.81*** (0.76-0.87) | |||
Four or more births | 0.76*** (0.69-0.83) | 0.75*** (0.68-0.82) | |||
Religion | |||||
Christianity | 1 | 1 | |||
Islam | 1.07* (1.01-1.14) | 0.94* (0.89-1.00) | |||
Others | 0.75*** (0.67-0.84) | 0.78*** (0.70-0.87) | |||
Partner’s level of education | |||||
No education | 0.59*** (0.55-0.63) | 0.67*** (0.62-0.71) | |||
Primary | 0.78*** (0.74-0.83) | 0.84*** (0.79-0.89) | |||
Secondary/higher | 1 | 1 | |||
Mass media exposure | |||||
No | 0.70*** (0.67-0.74) | 0.76*** (0.73-0.80) | |||
Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
Wealth index | |||||
Poorest | 0.83*** (0.78-0.88) | 0.89*** (0.84-0.95) | |||
Poorer | 1 | 1 | |||
Middle | 1.10*** (1.03-1.17) | 1.05 (1.04-1.22) | |||
Richer | 1.23*** (1.14-1.33) | 1.13** (1.04-1.22) | |||
Richest | 1.42*** (1.29-1.58) | 1.20*** (1.08-1.33) | |||
Sex of head of household | |||||
Male | 1 | 1 | |||
Female | 1.08* (1.07-1.21) | 1.06 (1.00-1.13) | |||
Household decision making capacity | |||||
Respondents alone | 1.26*** (1.18-1.34) | 1.08* (1.01-1.15) | |||
Respondent and others | 1 | 1 | |||
Community level literacy | |||||
Low | 1 | 1 | |||
Medium | 1.42*** (1.35-1.50) | 1.15*** (1.09-1.22) | |||
High | 1.52*** (1.42-1.63) | 1.13** (1.05-1.21) | |||
Community socioeconomic level | |||||
Low | 1 | 1 | |||
Medium | 1.02 (0.95-1.09) | 0.96 (0.90-1.03) | |||
High | 1.00 (0.92-1.08) | 1.05 (0.97-1.13) | |||
Residence | |||||
Urban | 1.46*** (1.37-1.57) | 1.32*** (1.23-1.41) | |||
Rural | 1 | 1 | |||
Random effect result | |||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.05 (0.03-0.07) | 0.05 (0.03-0.07) | 0.03 (0.02-0.05) | 0.04 (0.02-0.06) | 0.03 (0.02-0.05) |
ICC | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.010 |
LR Test | χ2 = 68.68, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 59.43, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 32.47, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 37.79, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 31.64, p < 0.001 |
Wald chi-square | Reference | 515.22*** | 2661.59*** | 1805.82*** | 2889.38*** |
Model fitness | |||||
Log-likelihood | −23,298.051 | −23,037.618 | −21,845.789 | −22,331.426 | −21,692.986 |
AIC | 46,600.1 | 46,081.24 | 43,719.58 | 44,690.85 | 43,435.97 |
N | 36,215 | 36,215 | 36,215 | 36,215 | 36,215 |
Number of clusters | 1454 | 1454 | 1454 | 1454 | 1454 |