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Table 2 Marginal effects of patient utilizing health care services and experiencing serious illnesses in 12-months after first provider seen for low back pain

From: Where to start? A two stage residual inclusion approach to estimating influence of the initial provider on health care utilization and costs for low back pain in the US

 

Early Opioid Rx

Long Opioid Rx

Had MRI/CT

Had Radiography

Had ED Visit

Had Hospitalization

Had Surgery

Had Serious Illness

Margin

SE

Margin

SE

Margin

SE

Margin

SE

Margin

SE

Margin

SE

Margin

SE

Margin

SE

PT

3.2

0.058

1.4

0.040

16.1

0.112

11.0

0.096

16.5

0.114

7.4

0.081

2.3

0.046

22.9

0.125

Chiro

1.7

0.015

0.6

0.009

6.7

0.027

17.4

0.040

43.3

0.053

5.8

0.026

0.7

0.009

19.2

0.042

Acu

1.2

0.069

0.4

0.045

5.7

0.127

5.9

0.125

18.7

0.209

8.4

0.166

0.5

0.039

22.1

0.225

APRN

11.2

0.127

5.3

0.090

18.2

0.157

19.7

0.162

19.1

0.158

8.0

0.112

2.7

0.066

21.8

0.166

PCP

9.9

0.030

3.6

0.018

16.4

0.038

17.6

0.039

17.0

0.038

6.5

0.025

1.9

0.014

19.9

0.040

PM&R

11.1

0.073

6.3

0.055

27.4

0.111

20.5

0.101

19.3

0.096

8.7

0.067

3.7

0.047

24.6

0.103

Ortho

8.0

0.060

2.5

0.034

36.8

0.110

47.4

0.115

17.6

0.086

10.0

0.066

6.8

0.057

25.9

0.097

EM

12.6

0.109

1.9

0.048

16.7

0.126

20.6

0.134

34.5

0.154

8.6

0.096

2.0

0.048

21.7

0.140

  1. Margins refer to the marginal effect (dy/dx) at the means reported from the second stage (probit) of a two-stage residual inclusion instrumental variable approach where the numerator (dy) is the change in outcomes as specified in the column headings and the denominator (dx) is the initial choice of provider. Models control for gender, age, co-morbidity, insurance status, rurality, county-level economic measures, and state limitations/provisions to physical therapy access. SE standard error (robust), PT physical therapist, Chiro chiropractor, ACU Acupuncturist, APRN advanced practice registered nurse, PCP primary care physicians, PM&R physical medicine and rehabilitation physician, Ortho orthopedist, EM emergency medicine physician. “Other” category results available upon request