Table 3 The comparison of “Mothers’ Breastfeeding Practice” between groups, as well as before and after intervention
From: Educating fathers to improve exclusive breastfeeding practices: a randomized controlled trial
The itemsa | Before | After | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control (n = 38) | Intervention (n = 38) | Control (n = 38) | Intervention (n = 38) | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
The mother is quite calm and comfortable | 15 | 39.5 | 18 | 47.4 | 5 | 13.2 | 38 | 100 |
The infant’s face is in front of the mother’s breast | 22 | 57.9 | 19 | 50 | 12 | 31.6 | 38 | 100 |
The infant’s head and body are in one direction | 16 | 42.1 | 19 | 50 | 12 | 31.6 | 37 | 97.4 |
The infant’s chin is attached to the mother’s breast | 20 | 52.6 | 17 | 44.7 | 16 | 42.1 | 38 | 100 |
The infant’s hips are in the mother’s arms | 18 | 47.4 | 16 | 42.1 | 10 | 26.3 | 38 | 100 |
the infant sucks when she/he is hungry | 18 | 47.4 | 22 | 57.9 | 24 | 63.2 | 38 | 100 |
The infant is properly sucking | 21 | 55.3 | 23 | 60.5 | 22 | 57.9 | 38 | 100 |
There are signs of flowing milk | 22 | 57.9 | 26 | 68.4 | 27 | 71.1 | 38 | 100 |
The mother embraces the infant with confidence | 17 | 44.7 | 18 | 47.4 | 12 | 31.6 | 38 | 100 |
There is a face-to-face in maternal- infant relationship | 16 | 42.1 | 19 | 50 | 14 | 36.8 | 38 | 100 |
The mother touches the infant while breastfeeding | 16 | 42.1 | 17 | 44.7 | 12 | 31.6 | 36 | 94.7 |
Breasts are soft after breastfeeding | 22 | 57.9 | 23 | 60.5 | 27 | 71.1 | 32 | 84.2 |
Nipples have adequate elasticity | 22 | 57.9 | 20 | 52.6 | 19 | 50 | 38 | 100 |
The skin of the nipple is healthy. | 18 | 47.4 | 23 | 60.5 | 32 | 84.2 | 38 | 100 |
Breasts look full when breastfeeding. | 21 | 55.3 | 24 | 63.2 | 23 | 60.5 | 38 | 100 |
The infant takes both breasts without difficulty. | 16 | 42.1 | 17 | 44.7 | 21 | 55.3 | 38 | 100 |
The infant is concentrated when breastfeeding. | 22 | 57.9 | 24 | 63.2 | 21 | 55.3 | 38 | 100 |
The infant’s mouth is completely open. | 19 | 50 | 21 | 55.3 | 25 | 65.8 | 38 | 100 |
The infant’s lower lips is turned outwards | 22 | 57.9 | 22 | 57.9 | 30 | 78.9 | 38 | 100 |
The tongue surrounds the breast | 23 | 60.5 | 23 | 60.5 | 23 | 60.5 | 38 | 100 |
Cheeks are Hollow and protruding | 19 | 50 | 18 | 47.4 | 22 | 57.9 | 38 | 100 |
Most of the areola is seen above the infant’s mouth. | 20 | 52.6 | 20 | 52.6 | 23 | 60.5 | 38 | 100 |
Sucking is slow and deep. | 26 | 68.4 | 24 | 63.2 | 24 | 63.2 | 38 | 100 |
The sound of swallowing can be heard. | 20 | 52.6 | 19 | 50 | 27 | 71.1 | 38 | 100 |
The infant releases the breasts by him/herself | 21 | 55.3 | 22 | 57.9 | 18 | 47.4 | 38 | 100 |
The infant appears to be full after breastfeeding | 21 | 55.3 | 21 | 55.3 | 18 | 47.4 | 38 | 100 |
Mean ± SD (Score 0–100) | 54.15 ± 38.01 | 51.92 ± 33.42 | 52.53 ± 19.33 | 99.1 ± 1.66 | ||||
Paired test (Intra-Group Comparison) | Intra-Control group P = 0.7; T = 0.4; df = 37 | Intra-intervention group P < 0.0001; t = −8.7; df = 37 | ||||||
Independent T test (Between Groups Comparison) | Before (between control and intervention) P = 0.7; T = 0.27;df = 74 | After (between control and intervention) P < 0.0001; T = -14.8;df = 74 | ||||||