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Table 2 Crude and adjusted multinomial regression analysis of demographic factors associated with OAT engagement in Ontario Canada, 2014–2020

From: Measuring treatment attrition at various stages of engagement in Opioid Agonist Treatment in Ontario Canada using a cascade of care framework

Variables (Ref = Less than 90 daysa)

90 to 365 days

One to two years

Over two years

 

OR [95% CI]

aOR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

aOR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

aOR [95% CI]

Female (ref: male)

 

1.02 [0.95–1.10]

0.84 [0.68–1.03]

1.07 [.99–1.15]a

0.94 [0.75–1.19]

1.14 [1.07–1.21]

1.13 [.91–1.39]

Age Groups (ref: 65+)

 < 25

0.68 [0.45–1.00]

1.6 [.64–4.19]

0.82 [.52–1.30]

4.60 [1.78–11.88]a

1.22 [.80–1.9]

5.37 [2.20–13.13]a

 25–45

0.79 [0.53–1.21]

1.62 [0.67–3.90]

0.88 [0.56–1.40]

4.30 [1.71–10.77

1.60 [1.06–2.40]

5.96 [2.54–13.9]b

 46–65

0.77 [0.51–1.21]

1.30 [0.51–3.31]

1.00 [0.64–1.60]

3.24 [1.16–9.05]a

2.21 [1.46–3.40]b

4.67 [1.82–11.95]a

The geographical location (ref: Southern urban)

 Southern rural

1.12 [0.92–1.3]

1.07 [0.61–1.86]

0.67 [0.20–2.35]

1.20 [0.71–2.35]

1.50 [1.28–1.82]

1.97 [1.15–3.97]a

 Northern urban

1.22 [1.08–1.3]

0.99 [0.75–1.29]

1.10 [1.03–1.26]

0.88 [0.66–1.76]

1.40 [1.27–1.50]

1.09 [1.15–3.39]a

 Northern rural

1.50 [1.24–1.79]a

0.92 [0.56–1.50]

1.50 [1.24–1.84]a

0.94 [0.56–1.57]

1.80 [1.52–2.12]

1.29 [0.79–2.09]

Methadone Starting medication (ref: Buprenorphine/naloxone)

 

0.81 [0.75–.87]a

0.80 [0.64–1.01]a

0.57 [0.52–.61]a

0.61 [0.48–0.78]a

0.35 [0.32–0.37]a

0.50 [0.40–0.63]a

Number of treatment attempts

 

1.09 [1.15–1.19]a

1.15 [1.04–1.18]a

1.20 [1.15–1.19]a

1.17 [1.13–1.21]a

1.00 [0.99–1.02]

1.01 [0.96–1.04]

Average monthly UDS

 

1.52 [1.48–1.54]a

1.52 [1.42–1.61]a

1.40 [1.37–1.43]a

1.56 [1.46–1.67]a

1.21 [1.19–1.23]

1.33 [1.25–1.40]a

Amphetamine-type stimulant UDS Groups (ref: 0–25%)

 25–50%

1.70 [1.15–1.25]

0.83 [0.59–1.17]

1.46 [1.24–1.71]a

0.65 [0.46–0.96]a

1.13 [0.98–1.29]

0.60 [0.47–0.94]a

 50–75%

0.93 [0.81–1.06]

0.47 [0.34–0.66]a

0.74 [0.64–0.87]a

0.36 [0.26–0.54]a

0.48 [0.21–0.26]a

0.24 [0.17–0.35]a

 75–100%

0.62 [0.56–0.69]a

0.55 [0.41–0.75]a

0.40 [0.36–0.46]

0.37 [0.26–0.52]a

0.24 [0.42–0.55]a

0.27 [0.19–0.38]a

Fentanyl UDS groups (ref: 0–25%)

 25–50%

2.23 [1.90–2.63]a

1.42 [0.96–2.03]a

2.32 [1.97–2.75]a

1.31 [0.90–1.90]

1.52 [1.31–1.78]a

1.24 [0.86–1.78]

 50–75%

1.10 [0.96–1.25]

0.67 [0.48–0.92]a

0.77 [0.67–0.9]

0.55 [0.38–0.78]a

0.40 [0.35–0.46]a

0.31 [0.30–0.61]a

 75–100%

0.58 [.52–.64]a

0.95 [0.69–1.29]

0.31 [0.27–0.36]

0.41 [0.28–0.61]a

0.10 [0.08–0.11]a

0.19 [0.17–0.38]a

Cocaine UDS Groups (ref: 0–25%)

 25–50%

1.31 [1.18–1.46]a

0.91 [0.69–1.2]

1.1 [0.98–1.23]

0.77 [0.57–1.03]

0.86 [0.78–0.94]a

0.74 [0.56–0.98]a

 50–75%

0.97 [0.86–1.08]

0.82 [0.61–1.17]

0.70 0[.62–0.79]a

0.55 [0.40–0.76]a

0.44 [0.40–0.49]a

0.50 [0.36–0.69]a

 75–100%

0.61 [.56–0.67]a

0.61 [0.45–.82]a

0.34 [0.31–0.38]a

0.32 [0.24–0.45]a

0.20 [0.18–0.22]a

0.25 [0.18–0.35]a

Cannabis UDS Group (ref: 0–25%)

 25–50%

5.71 [4.46–7.31]a

2.95 [1.62–5.39]a

10.15 [7.93–13.0]a

5.97 [3.27–10.90]a

13.53 [10.72–17.05]a

7.59 [4.20–13.71]a

 50–75%

2.90 [2.45–3.43]a

1.04 [0.70–1.55]

3.96 [3.32–4.71]a

1.50 [0.99–2.27]

4.56 [3.91–5.32]a

1.93 [1.29–2.87]a

 75–100%

2.57 [2.37–2.79]a

1.70 [1.34–2.14]a

3.71 [3.40–4.05]a

2.12 [1.64–2.72]a

4.26 [3.95–4.6]a

2.40 [1.89–3.04]a

Other Opioid Groups (ref: 0–25%)

 25–50%

0.78 [0.714–.86]a

0.64 [0.5–.82]a

0.54 [0.49–0.60]a

0.44 [0.33–0.57]a

0.34 [0.31–0.37]a

0.41 [0.31–0.53]a

 50–75%

0.48 [0.42–.53]a

0.56 [0.40–0.77]a

0.23 [0.19–0.26]a

0.35 [0.24–0.51]a

0.12 [0.11–0.14]a

0.17 [0.12–0.26]a

 75–100%

0.18 [0.15–0.21]a

0.33 [0.19–0.57]a

0.07 [0.197–0.26]

0.17 [0.09–0.36]a

0.03 [0.02–0.04]a

0.03 [0.01–0.09]a

Starting dose above Median

 

1.09 [1.64–1.91]a

1.08 [0.81–1.44]

2.30 [2.17–2.55]a

1.21 0[.90–1.60]

4.48 [4.18–4.80]a

1.40 [1.06–1.87]a

Peak dose above the Median

 

3.50 [3.38–3.84]a

0.87 [0.56–1.35]

4.97 [4.57–5.40]a

0.86 [0.54–1.34]

7.74 [7.20–8.33]a

0.90 [0.58–1.28]

  1. Abbreviations: aaOR adjusted odds ratio, UDS Urine Drug Screening