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Table 2 Determinants of utilisation of CMHS in India, 2015–16

From: Predictors of the utilisation of continuum of maternal health care services in India

Independent Variable

Full Care Vs. No Care

Incomplete Care Vs. No Care

Complete Care Vs. Incomplete Care

Individual Level Characteristics

Age at Marriage (Ref < 18)

 

RRR

95% CI

RRR

95% CI

RRR

95% CI

  18–24

1.34* [0.04]

1.25

1.43

1.13* [0.03]

1.07

1.19

1.18*[0.03]

1.13

1.23

  25–49

1.82* [0.15]

1.55

2.13

1.26* [0.09]

1.09

1.45

1.45*[0.05]

1.35

1.56

Parity (Ref: < 1)

  1 to 2

1.24 [0.18]

0.93

1.65

1.18 [0.14]

0.94

1.48

1.05 [0.10]

0.87

1.28

  3 to 5

0.70**[0.11]

0.52

0.94

0.84 [0.10]

0.66

1.05

0.84***[0.09]

0.69

1.02

  5 or more

0.44* [0.08]

0.32

0.62

0.81***[0.10]

0.64

1.03

0.55* [0.07]

0.42

0.7

Education (Ref: Illiterate)

  Primary

1.21* [0.06]

1.1

1.33

1.10** [0.04]

1.03

1.18

1.10** [0.04]

1.02

1.18

  Secondary

1.78* [0.08]

1.62

1.95

1.46* [0.05]

1.36

1.56

1.22* [0.04]

1.15

1.3

  Higher

3.61* [0.37]

2.95

4.41

2.33* [0.22]

1.93

2.81

1.55* [0.06]

1.43

1.68

Financial Autonomy (Ref: No)

  Moderate

1.14 [0.14]

0.9

1.45

1.03 [0.10]

0.85

1.26

1.11 [0.09]

0.95

1.29

  Full autonomy

1.30** [0.16]

1.01

1.66

0.97 [0.10]

0.79

1.18

1.34* [0.10]

1.15

1.57

  Constant

1.03 [0.19]

0.72

1.48

7.48* [1.12]

5.58

10.03

0.15* [0.04]

0.08

0.27

Access to Media (Ref: No)

  At least 1 media

2.06* [0.09]

1.9

2.24

1.36* [0.04]

1.28

1.45

1.51* [0.05]

1.42

1.6

  Household Size

0.94* [0.01]

0.93

0.95

0.97* [0.00]

0.97

0.98

0.97* [0.00]

0.96

0.98

Household Level Characteristics

Interaction of Wealth Index & Residence (Ref: Poorest Urban)

  Poor Urban

1.42* [0.14]

1.18

1.71

1.31* [0.11]

1.11

1.55

1.08 [0.05]

0.98

1.19

  Middle Urban

1.96* [0.22]

1.57

2.45

1.55* [0.16]

1.26

1.9

1.27* [0.06]

1.15

1.4

  Rich Urban

2.66* [0.36]

2.04

3.48

1.95*[0.25]

1.51

2.51

1.37* [0.07]

1.23

1.51

  Richest Urban

7.70* [1.98]

4.65

12.73

5.23* [1.32]

3.19

8.58

1.47* [0.08]

1.32

1.65

  Poorest Rural

0.78* [0.06]

0.67

0.9

0.95 [0.06]

0.85

1.07

0.82* [0.05]

0.73

0.91

  Poor Rural

0.99 [0.07]

0.86

1.15

1.13** [0.07]

1.01

1.27

0.88**[0.04]

0.8

0.96

  Middle Rural

1.39* [0.10]

1.21

1.6

1.37* [0.08]

1.22

1.54

1.02 [0.04]

0.93

1.11

  Rich Rural

1.75* [0.13]

1.51

2.03

1.62* [0.11]

1.42

1.84

1.08***[0.05]

1

1.18

  Richest Rural

2.52* [0.22]

2.11

2.99

2.06* [0.17]

1.76

2.42

1.22* [0.05]

1.12

1.33

Caste (Ref: SC)

  ST

1.15** [0.06]

1.04

1.28

1.02 [0.04]

0.92

1.09

1.15* [0.04]

1.08

1.24

  OBC

1.24* [0.05]

1.14

1.34

1.18* [0.04]

1.11

1.27

1.05***[0.03]

1

1.1

  Others

1.14** [0.06]

1.03

1.26

1.12** [0.05]

1.02

1.23

1.02 [0.03]

0.96

1.07

Religion (Ref: Hindu)

  Muslim

0.52* [0.02]

0.47

0.57

0.62* [0.02]

0.58

0.67

0.83* [0.03]

0.78

0.88

  Christian

0.93 [0.10]

0.74

1.15

0.70* [0.07]

0.57

0.85

1.33* [0.08]

1.18

1.5

  Other

0.77** [0.08]

0.62

0.96

0.94 [0.09]

0.77

1.14

0.82* [0.04]

0.75

0.91

Father Present during ANC visits (Ref: No)

  Yes

2.33* [0.09]

2.16

2.51

1.52* [0.04]

1.44

1.61

1.53* [0.04]

1.45

1.62

Community Level Characteristics

State Group (Ref: Non-High Focussed)

  North East

0.28* [0.02]

0.24

0.33

0.36* [0.03]

0.32

0.42

0.77* [0.04]

0.7

0.86

  Major High Focused States

0.19* [0.01]

0.17

0.21

0.48* [0.02]

0.45

0.52

0.39* [0.01]

0.38

0.41

Community Poverty Status (Ref: Low)

  High

0.61* [0.03]

0.56

0.67

0.74* [0.03]

0.68

0.8

0.83* [0.02]

0.79

0.87

Community Education Status (Ref: Low)

  High

1.66* [0.07]

1.53

1.8

1.33* [0.05]

1.24

1.43

1.24* [0.03]

1.18

1.31

Health Related Characteristics

Barriers (Ref: Acceptability)

  Affordability

1.02 [0.11]

0.82

1.26

1.11 [0.11]

0.92

1.35

0.91***[0.05]

0.82

1.01

  Availability

0.82* [0.06]

0.71

0.94

0.99 [0.06]

0.87

1.12

0.83* [0.03]

0.77

0.88

ANC Contact (None)

  Anganwadi & ASHA

1.66* [0.05]

1.56

1.76

1.40* [0.04]

1.33

1.48

1.18* [0.02]

1.14

1.23

  MPW

2.69* [0.38]

2.05

3.54

1.51*[0.19]

1.17

1.93

1.79* [0.12]

1.57

2.03

  1. Note: *p < 0.001, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.1. [] is the standard error
  2. Source: Author’s Compilation