Table 4 Unit costs used in the modelling

Patient time costs

$29.69 / hour

[121]

Office visit to a General Practitioner

$34.85

[127]

GP follow-up phone call or email correspondence

$15.00

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

 Emergency repair surgery

$46,853

[128,129,130,131,132]

 Elective open surgery

$45,998

 Elective endovascular aneurysm repair surgery

$36,039

Alcohol Use

 Low

$91(F) $195(M) / year

[133, 134]

 Hazardous (3 to 4.5 drinks per day for males and 1.5 to 3 drinks per day for females)

$708(F) $1238(M) / year

 Harmful (> 4.5 drinks per day for males and > 3 drinks per day for females)

$2925(F) $3133(M) / year

 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder lifetime cost

$1,118,811

[135]

 Fetal alcohol syndrome lifetime cost

$1,664,074

Atopic dermatitis / eczema lifetime costs

$3420

[136]

Cancer – breast

 Mammogram

$79

[137]

 Biopsy

$386

[104]

 Radiotherapy

$5233

[138]

 Breast conserving surgery

$5152

 Mastectomy

$7260

 Acute care phase of fatal cancer

$47,230

[139, 140]

 First year costs for survivors

$22,695

 Ongoing annual costs for survivors

$1753

[141]

Cancer – cervical

 Conventional cytology screen

$70

[142,143,144]

 HPV test

$96

[145]

 Colposcopy with biopsy

$251

[142, 143]

 Treatment for a precancerous lesion

$1216

[142, 143]

 Acute care phase of fatal cancer

$46,603

[139]

 First year costs for survivors

$20,258

 Ongoing annual costs for survivors

$821

[146]

Cancer – colorectal

 FIT test

$14.74

BC Medical Services Plan (MSP)

 Colonoscopy

$667

BC MSP

 Acute care phase of fatal cancer

$49,197

[139]

 First year costs for survivors

$40,080

 Ongoing annual costs for survivors

$3687

[147]

Cancer – liver

 Acute care phase of fatal cancer

$30,922

[139]

 First year costs for survivors

$36,708

 Ongoing annual costs for survivors

$6287

[147]

Cancer – lung

 LDCT screening exam

$198

[148]

 Follow-up chest radiograph

$67

 Follow-up chest CT

$164

 Follow-up PET/CT scan

$1399

 Percutaneous biopsy – CT-guided

$1083

  US-guided

$682

 Bronchoscopy without biopsy

$747

 Bronchoscopy with biopsy

$804

 Mediastinoscopy

$976

 Thoracoscopy

$16,814

 Thoracotomy

$18,689

 Acute care phase of fatal cancer

$37,046

[139]

 First year costs for survivors

$33,523

 Ongoing annual costs for survivors

$7575

[147]

Cancer – ovarian

 Acute care phase of fatal cancer

$51,914

[139]

 First year costs for survivors

$33,256

 Ongoing annual costs for survivors

$7889

[147]

Cardiovascular disease

 Full lipid profile

$21.31

[149]

 Annual cost of statin medication

$135

[150]

Cardiovascular Disease - myocardial infarction

 Acute care phase of a fatal MI

$15,536

[151]

 First year costs for survivors

$33,934

[152]

 Ongoing annual costs for survivors

$2278

Cardiovascular Disease – stroke

 First year costs for survivor

$21,139

[152, 153]

 Ongoing annual costs for survivors

$6246

Childhood asthma

 Lifetime per case

$5230

[154]

Childhood leukemia

 Lifetime per case

$134,920

[155]

Dental caries

 Topical fluoride application

$10.61

[156]

 Pit and fissure sealant application (1st/subsequent per quadrant)

$19.74 / $10.83

 Amalgam restoration

$93

 Day surgery for dental cavities

$1884

[157]

Depression

 Antidepressant medication (ADM) / year (adults)

$438

[158]

 ADM / year (adolescents)

$368

[159]

 Group therapy (CBT session for 12 adolescents)

$241

[160]

 Group therapy (CBT session for 8 pregnant females)

$269

 Annual health care costs attributable to depression (adolescents)

$5251

 Suicide attempt

$9056

[161,162,163]

 Completed suicide

$8233

Diabetes – Type 1 lifetime cost

$76,598

[155]

Diabetes – Type 2

 Cost per A1C test

$6.09

[164]

 Blindness (annual cost)

$2330

[165]

 Lower extremity amputation (surgery/annual cost)

$33,642 / $1396

[166]

 End-stage renal disease annual cost

$86,278

Gastrointestinal bleeding (per hospitalization)

$6425

[167]

Gastrointestinal / lower respiratory tract infection (per infection)

$462

[168]

Hepatitis C infection

 Incremental annual health care cost

  HCV infection (non-cirrhosis stages f0 to f3)

$400

[169, 170]

  Compensated cirrhosis (stage f4)

$843

  Decompensated cirrhosis

$15,284

 Cost of direct-acting antivirals

$13,500

[171,172,173]

 Complete blood count

$10.96

BC MSP

 Thyroid stimulating hormone

$9.90

BC MSP

 Renal panel

$31.52

BC MSP

 Liver transplant (first year / annual)

$162,901 / $9654

[174]

HIV / AIDS

 Annual cost of ART

$9490

[158]

 Annual direct medical costs (excluding medications)

  Asymptomatic HIV

$1889

[175]

  Symptomatic HIV

$2843

  AIDS

$10,900

Hypertension

 Annual cost of antihypertensive medication

$193

[158]

Intellectual disability lifetime costs

$270,345

[176]

Lower extremity amputation (surgery / ongoing annual)

$33,642 / $1396

[166]

Neural tube defects

 Folic acid supplementation (annual costs)

$15.70

[177]

 Spina bifida (lifetime costs)

$801,991

[120]

 Anencephaly live birth

$4399

[178, 179]

Obesity

 Excess annual medical care costs

$698 (M) / $953 (F)

[133]

 Structured behavioural intervention (per child/youth)

$7681

[180]

 Structured behavioral intervention (per adult)

$607

[181,182,183]

Osteoporosis

 Bone density scan

$111

[184]

 Annual cost of medication

$188

[159]

 Hip fracture annual costs

$62,152

[185]

 Vertebral fracture annual costs

$25,965

Otitis media per case

$251

[186]

Sexually transmitted infections

 Group behavioural counselling intervention (session for 5 individuals)

$487

Calculated

 Direct medical costs per infection

  Chlamydia

$229

[187]

  Gonorrhea

$169

  Hepatitis B virus

$2536

  HIV

$289,543

  Human papilloma virus

$112

  Herpes simplex virus type 2

$632

  Syphilis

$674

Tobacco smoking

 Light (< 10 cigarettes / day)

$785 / year

[133]

 Moderate (10-19 cigarettes / day)

$1386 / year

 Heavy (≥20 cigarettes / day)

$2050 / year

 Smoking cessation aids per quit attempt

$272

[188]