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Table 3 Association between race/ethnicity, community social vulnerability, and primary care use among individuals diagnosed with COVID-19

From: Differences in access to virtual and in-person primary care by race/ethnicity and community social vulnerability among adults diagnosed with COVID-19 in a large, multi-state health system

 

Virtual Primary Care Use

In-Person Primary Care Use

Main Model

Ancillary Model

Main Model

Ancillary Model

Post-COVID-19 Period

0.0689***

0.0691***

− 0.0161

− 0.0162

Race/Ethnicity (reference Non-Hispanic White)

 Non-Hispanic Black

0.0330*

0.0376*

− 0.0065

0.0097

 Non-Hispanic Asian

0.0031

0.0023

0.0158

0.0175

 Non-Hispanic NH/PI

0.0063

0.0078

− 0.0683**

− 0.0530*

 Non-Hispanic AI/AN

–

–

− 0.0949**

− 0.0933**

 Non-Hispanic Other

−0.0253*

− 0.0233

− 0.0695***

− 0.0623***

 Hispanic/Latino

− 0.0211**

− 0.0196*

− 0.0601***

− 0.0510***

Interactions for Race/Ethnicity & the Post-COVID-19 Period

 Non-Hispanic Black*Post-COVID-19

− 0.0062

− 0.0060

0.0206

0.0208

 Non-Hispanic Asian* Post-COVID-19

0.0141

0.0143

0.0256

0.0258

 Non-Hispanic NH/PI* Post-COVID-19

− 0.0247

− 0.0248

0.0357

0.0352

 Non-Hispanic AI/AN* Post-COVID-19

–

–

− 0.0026

− 0.0028

 Non-Hispanic Other* Post-COVID-19

0.0035

0.0032

0.0530

0.0528

 Hispanic/Latino* Post-COVID-19

0.0070

0.0067

0.0133

0.0134

Community Social Vulnerability Theme

Socioeconomic Status Theme

0.0003

− 0.0002

0.0021

0.0028

Household Composition Theme

− 0.0101

− 0.0092

− 0.0177

− 0.0174

Minority Status/Language Theme

− 0.0083

− 0.0086

− 0.0372**

− 0.0373**

Housing Type/Transportation Theme

− 0.0036

0.0007

− 0.0561***

− 0.0435***

Interactions for Community Social Vulnerability & the Post-COVID-19 Period

Socioeconomic Status*Post-COVID-19

0.0153

0.0157

0.0126

0.0128

Household Composition*Post-COVID-19

− 0.0025

− 0.0026

0.0116

0.0118

Minority Status/Language *Post-COVID-19

− 0.0029

− 0.0034

0.0055

0.0051

Housing Type/Transportation *Post-COVID-19

− 0.0146

− 0.0147

− 0.0080

− 0.0079

Age Group (reference 75+)

  < 20

–

− 0.0490***

–

− 0.1644***

 20–34

–

− 0.0412***

–

− 0.1719***

 35–44

–

− 0.0235*

–

− 0.1186***

 45–54

–

− 0.0137

–

− 0.0758***

 55–64

–

− 0.0060

–

− 0.0619***

 65–74

–

0.0115

–

0.0160

Male Sex

–

−0.0360***

–

−0.0563***

Inpatient COVID-19 Diagnosis

–

− 0.0517***

–

− 0.1564***

Diabetes

–

0.0001

–

− 0.0241**

Hypertension

–

− 0.0092

–

− 0.0377***

Coronary Artery Disease

–

0.0107

–

0.0122

Chronic Kidney Disease

–

0.0206*

–

0.0317*

Congestive Heart Failure

–

− 0.0056

–

0.0075

N

22,652

22,652

22,652

22,652

  1. Average marginal effects for factor levels computed based on discrete change from reference level. Robust standard errors calculated using sandwich estimator. In constructing each of our utilization outcomes we censored visits that took place during the first 30 days after COVID-19 diagnosis
  2. Abbreviations: NH/PI Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, AI/AN American Indian/Alaskan Native
  3. *p < 0.05
  4. **p < 0.01
  5. ***p < 0.001
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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