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Table 4 Estimates of the Association of Surgery with Adverse Events and Mortality for Medicare Patients With Proximal Humeral Fracture in 2011 and Stratified Subgroups

From: What are the health consequences associated with differences in medical malpractice liability laws? An instrumental variable analysis of surgery effects on health outcomes for proximal humeral facture across states with different liability rules

Estimate

F Statistic

Surgery Rate Across Tort Law Regions, Mean (Range), %a

Success Rate, %

Adverse Event Rate, %

Mortality Rate, %

Panel A: Instrumental Variable Estimates

 Total Cohort (N = 67,966)

34.71***

0.16 (0.09—0.18)

0.32*

-0.1

0.21**

 Age < 80 (N = 33,896)

13.07***

0.2 (0.14—0.22)

0.89***

-0.14

0.28**

 Age >  = 80 (N = 34,070)

25.73***

0.13 (0.05—0.15)

-0.01

-0.05

0.13

Charlson Comorbidity Index Score

  < 2 (N = 31,270)

9.96***

0.18 (0.1—0.19)

0.31

-0.23

0.06

  >  = 2 (N = 36,696)

28.4***

0.15 (0.08—0.17)

0.19

0.05

0.29**

Frailty Index Score

  < 2 (N = 41,860)

22.13***

0.18 (0.1—0.2)

0.54***

-0.15

0.08

  >  = 2 (N = 26,106)

13.52***

0.13 (0.07—0.15)

-0.24

0

0.45**

Panel B: Reduced-Form Estimatesb

Total Cohort (N = 67,966)

 

0.002

-0.001

0.004***

 Age < 80 (N = 33,896)

  

0.004

-0.002

0.005***

 Age >  = 80 (N = 34,070)

 

0.0001

-0.001

0.003

Charlson Comorbidity Index Score

  < 2 (N = 31,270)

  

0.01*

-0.004

0.001

  >  = 2 (N = 36,696)

  

-0.002

0.001

0.01***

Frailty Index Score

  < 2 (N = 41,860)

  

0.01**

-0.003

0.001

  >  = 2 (N = 26,106)

  

-0.01*

0.0004

0.01***

  1. aSurgery rate across states grouped from the lowest to highest number of liability-reducing tort laws
  2. bReduced form estimates the policy effect for each additional liability-reducing tort law rule
  3. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05