|  | Number of Tort Rules that Reduce Medical Malpractice Liability | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Total (N = 67,966) | 0 Tort Rule (N = 1999) | 1 Tort Rule (N = 3135) | 2 Tort Rules (N = 20,200) | 3 Tort Rules (N = 34,629) | 4 Tort Rules (N = 8003) | p value |
Intervention variable | |||||||
 Surgery | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.18 |  < 0.001 |
Geographic variables | |||||||
 South | 0.41 | 0 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.8 |  < 0.001 |
 West | 0.16 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0 |  < 0.001 |
 Northeast | 0.17 | 1 | 0.66 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0 | 1 |
 Mountain West | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.21 | 0.2 | 1 |
Demographic variables | |||||||
 Male | 0.19 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.2 | 0.36 |
 Age (66–69) | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.13 |  < 0.001 |
 Age (70–75) | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.2 | 0.22 | 0.21 |  < 0.001 |
 Age (76–79) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.43 |
 Age (80–85) | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 1 |
 Age (86 plus) | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 1 |
 Asian | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.002 |
 Black | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 |  < 0.001 |
 Hispanic | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |  < 0.001 |
 Other race | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.061 |
 White | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 1 |
 Fully dual eligible | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.46 |
 Spending (1st quintile) | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 1 |
 Spending (2nd quintile) | 0.21 | 0.2 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 1 |
 Spending (3rd quintile) | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 1 |
 Spending (4th quintile) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 1 |
 Spending (5th quintile) | 0.2 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.47 |  < 0.001 |
 Life expectancy (1st quintile) | 0.2 | 0 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.23 |  < 0.001 |
 Life expectancy (2nd quintile) | 0.19 | 0 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.21 | 0.21 |  < 0.001 |
 Life expectancy (3rd quintile) | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.039 |
 Life expectancy (4th quintile) | 0.19 | 0.4 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 1 |
 Life expectancy (5th quintile) | 0.21 | 0.53 | 0.16 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.22 | 1 |
 CCI (0) | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 1 |
 CCI (1) | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.2 | 0.98 |
 CCI (2) | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.062 |
 CCI (3) | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.24 |
 CCI (4 plus) | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.27 |  < 0.001 |
 FRI (0) | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.96 |
 FRI (1) | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.96 |
 FRI (2) | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.78 |
 FRI (3 plus) | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.25 |  < 0.001 |
Clinical variables | |||||||
 Osteoarthritis | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.28 |  < 0.001 |
 Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.35 |
 Rotator cuff arthropathy | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.041 |
 Avascular necrosis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.32 |
Outcome variables | |||||||
 Death (365 days) | 0.1 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 0.1 | 0.006 |
 Any complications (365 days) | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.057 |
 Treatment Success | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.082 |