| Total (N = 67,966) | Conservative Management (N = 56,880) | Surgery (N = 11,086) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tort-related variables | ||||
 Number of tort rules | 2.64 | 2.62 | 2.73 |  < 0.001 |
 Not comparative negligence | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.817 |
 JSL | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.78 |  < 0.001 |
 Cap on punitive damages | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.69 |  < 0.001 |
 Punitive evidence rule | 0.7 | 0.69 | 0.73 |  < 0.001 |
Geographic variables | ||||
 South | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.45 |  < 0.001 |
 West | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.006 |
 Northeast | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.12 |  < 0.001 |
 Mountain West | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.03 |
Demographic variables | ||||
 Male | 0.19 | 0.2 | 0.18 |  < 0.001 |
 Age (66–69) | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.17 |  < 0.001 |
 Age (70–75) | 0.21 | 0.2 | 0.26 |  < 0.001 |
 Age (76–79) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.18 |  < 0.001 |
 Age (80–85) | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.001 |
 Age (86 plus) | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.16 |  < 0.001 |
 Asian | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.016 |
 Black | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 |  < 0.001 |
 Hispanic | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
 Other race | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.207 |
 White | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.95 |  < 0.001 |
 Fully dual eligible | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.09 |  < 0.001 |
 Mean spending (county) | 9,505.65 | 9,503.39 | 9,517.26 | 0.367 |
 Mean life expectancy (county) | 78.35 | 78.37 | 78.22 |  < 0.001 |
 CCI (0) | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.29 |  < 0.001 |
 CCI (1) | 0.21 | 0.2 | 0.22 | 0.003 |
 CCI (2) | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.039 |
 CCI (3) | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.49 |
 CCI (4 plus) | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.22 |  < 0.001 |
 FRI (0) | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.42 |  < 0.001 |
 FRI (1) | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.032 |
 FRI (2) | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.14 |  < 0.001 |
 FRI (3 plus) | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.17 |  < 0.001 |
Clinical variables (prev. history) | ||||
 Osteoarthritis | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.23 |  < 0.001 |
 Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.025 |
 Rotator cuff arthropathy | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.199 |
 Avascular necrosis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.013 |
Outcome variables | ||||
 Death (365 days) | 0.1 | 0.11 | 0.07 |  < 0.001 |
 Any complications (365 days) | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.59 |  < 0.001 |
 Treatment Success | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.43 |  < 0.001 |