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Table 2 Summary Statistics

From: What are the health consequences associated with differences in medical malpractice liability laws? An instrumental variable analysis of surgery effects on health outcomes for proximal humeral facture across states with different liability rules

 

Total (N = 67,966)

Conservative Management (N = 56,880)

Surgery (N = 11,086)

p value

Tort-related variables

 Number of tort rules

2.64

2.62

2.73

 < 0.001

 Not comparative negligence

0.52

0.52

0.53

0.817

 JSL

0.76

0.76

0.78

 < 0.001

 Cap on punitive damages

0.66

0.65

0.69

 < 0.001

 Punitive evidence rule

0.7

0.69

0.73

 < 0.001

Geographic variables

 South

0.41

0.41

0.45

 < 0.001

 West

0.16

0.16

0.17

0.006

 Northeast

0.17

0.18

0.12

 < 0.001

 Mountain West

0.25

0.25

0.26

0.03

Demographic variables

 Male

0.19

0.2

0.18

 < 0.001

 Age (66–69)

0.14

0.13

0.17

 < 0.001

 Age (70–75)

0.21

0.2

0.26

 < 0.001

 Age (76–79)

0.15

0.15

0.18

 < 0.001

 Age (80–85)

0.25

0.25

0.24

0.001

 Age (86 plus)

0.25

0.27

0.16

 < 0.001

 Asian

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.016

 Black

0.03

0.03

0.02

 < 0.001

 Hispanic

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.001

 Other race

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.207

 White

0.93

0.93

0.95

 < 0.001

 Fully dual eligible

0.14

0.14

0.09

 < 0.001

 Mean spending (county)

9,505.65

9,503.39

9,517.26

0.367

 Mean life expectancy (county)

78.35

78.37

78.22

 < 0.001

 CCI (0)

0.25

0.25

0.29

 < 0.001

 CCI (1)

0.21

0.2

0.22

0.003

 CCI (2)

0.16

0.16

0.15

0.039

 CCI (3)

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.49

 CCI (4 plus)

0.26

0.27

0.22

 < 0.001

 FRI (0)

0.35

0.34

0.42

 < 0.001

 FRI (1)

0.26

0.26

0.27

0.032

 FRI (2)

0.16

0.16

0.14

 < 0.001

 FRI (3 plus)

0.23

0.24

0.17

 < 0.001

Clinical variables (prev. history)

 Osteoarthritis

0.25

0.25

0.23

 < 0.001

 Rheumatoid arthritis

0.08

0.08

0.07

0.025

 Rotator cuff arthropathy

0.07

0.07

0.06

0.199

 Avascular necrosis

0

0

0

0.013

Outcome variables

 Death (365 days)

0.1

0.11

0.07

 < 0.001

 Any complications (365 days)

0.52

0.51

0.59

 < 0.001

 Treatment Success

0.56

0.59

0.43

 < 0.001