Table 2 Characteristics of included randomized controlled trial studies (n = 16)

Mattei da Silva, ÂT et al. 2020 [7],

Brazil

94 patients with hypertension

Experiment group:

1) Age: 49.4 ± 6.4

2) Size: 47

Control group:

1) Age: 49.2 ± 8.4

2) Size: 47

Case management:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Timely reminder;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning

Nurses

•SBP*, DBP^*

•BMI^*

12 months

The intervention group’s SBP*, DBP* and BMI* decreased significantly compared to those of the control group

Kastarinen MJ et al. 2002 [36],

Finland

587 patients with hypertension

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 54.4 ± 10.1

2) Size: 304

Control-group:

1) Age: 54.2 ± 9.9

2) Size: 283

Disease-specific:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Regular follow up;

Patients participate in effective programs

Physician and a nutritionist;

Local public health nurses

•SBP*, DBP^*

•BMI^*

12 months

Significant reductions after 1 year both in SBP* and in DBP* were in favour of the intervention group.

Aubert RE et al. 2017 [30],

America

138 patients with diabetes

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 53 (Interquartile range: 47–61)

2) Size: 71

Control-group:

1) Age: 54 (Interquartile range: 46–60)

2) Size: 67

Case management:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Timely reminder;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning;

Patients participate in effective programs

a board-certified family medicine physician and an endocrinologist;

Local public health nurses

•HbA1c*

12 months

A significant decrease in HbA1c* in intervention group.

Hurwitz B et al. 1993 [35],

British

181 patients with diabetes

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 62.0 ± 11.2

2) Size: 89

Control-group:

1) Age: 63.1 ± 8.6

2) Size: 92

Patient-centred medical home:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Regular follow up;

Timely reminder

General practitioners;

Clinic doctors

•HbA1c*

6 months

Decrease in HbA1c* in intervention group.

Gao JL et al. 2015 [6],

China

1204 patients with hypertension

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 66.0 ± 9.3

2) Size: 600

Control-group:

1) Age: 67.1 ± 10.3

2) Size: 604

Patient-centred medical home:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning;

Patients participate in effective programs

General practitioners

•SBP*, DBP*

•BMI*

12 months

The average DBP* decrease in the intervention group was significantly greater than that in the control group.

Hacihasanoğlu R et al. 2010 [5],

Turkey

80 patients with hypertension

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 56.92 ± 8.04

2) Size: 40

Control-group:

1) Age: 55.62 ± 8.46

2) Size: 40

Patient-centred medical home:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Timely reminder;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning;

Patients participate in effective programs

Nurses

•SBP*, DBP*

•BMI*

12 months

A significant decrease in BP* in intervention group.

Li YD et al. 2003 [40],

China

415 patients with diabetes

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 66.77 ± 7.29

2) Size: 215

Control-group:

1) Age: 67.95 ± 7.61

2) Size: 200

Disease-specific:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Regular follow up;

Timely reminder;

Patients participate in effective programs;

Group visit

staff in general hospital;

staff in community hospital

•HbA1c*

12 months

A significant decrease in BP* and HbA1c* in the intervention group.

Huang HL et al. 2019 [34],

China

222 patients with diabetes

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 68.3 ± 5.1

2) Size: 110

Control-group:

1) Age: 68.2 ± 5.4

2) Size: 112

Disease-specific:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning;

Patients participate in effective programs

specialist physician

general practitioner

•HbA1c*

6 months

12 months

A significant decrease in BP* in the intervention group after 3, 6, and 12 months.

A significant decrease in HbA1c* in intervention group after 6 months.

Han Y et al. 2019 [41],

China

100 patients with diabetes

Experiment-group: 50

Control-group: 50

Age: 25 ~ 75

Disease-specific:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning

staff in general hospital; staff in community hospital

•HbA1c*

6 months

12 months

A significant decrease in HbA1c* in the intervention group after 12 months.

Gary TL et al. 2009 [33],

America

488 patients with diabetes

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 59 ± 11

2) Size: 235

Control-group:

1) Age: 56 ± 11

2) Size: 253

Case management:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Timely reminder;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning;

Patients participate in effective programs

Nurses;

Community health worker

•HbA1c*

24 months

Those who had more visits with professional workers in intervention group had a statistically significant decline in HbA1c* level compared with the control group.

Glasgow RE et al. 2005 [39],

America

733 patients with diabetes

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 62 ± 1.4

2) Size: 379

Control-group:

1) Age: 64 ± 1.3

2) Size: 354

Disease-specific:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Timely reminder;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning;

Patients participate in effective programs

Primary care physician;

care manager

•HbA1c*

12 months

Both conditions improved on measures of HbA1c*, but there was not a significant difference between conditions.

Piatt GA et al. 2006 [4],

America

73 patients with diabetes

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 69.7 ± 10.7

2) Size: 27

Control-group:

1) Age: 68.6 ± 8.6

2) Size: 46

Chronic Care Model:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Timely reminder;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning;

Patients participate in effective programs

Physician;

Nurses practitioners/physician assistants Behaviourist

•HbA1c*

12 months

A marked decline in HbA1c* was observed in the intervention group but not in the control group.

Kong JXx et al. 2018 [37], China

258 patients with diabetes

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 69.12 ± 10.54

2) Size: 134

Control-group:

1) Age: 71.48 ± 8.79

2) Size: 124

Chronic Care Model:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Timely reminder;

Regular follow up;

Individual care planning;

Patients participate in effective programs

Physicians

•HbA1c*

9 months

The intervention group had a remarkable reduction in HbA1c*.

Cicolini G et al. 2014 [32]

Italy

298 patients with hypertension

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 59.8 ± 15.0

2) Size: 100

Control-group:

1) Age: 58.3 ± 13.9

2) Size: 98

Disease-specific:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Regular follow up;

Patients participate in effective programs

Nurses

•SBP*, DBP*

•BMI*

6 months

The intervention group showed a significantly greater

improvement in BMI* and SBP* and DBP*.

Beune EJ et al. 2014 [31],

Netherlands

139 patients with hypertension

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 53.3 ± 10.2

2) Size: 71

Control-group:

1) Age: 54.6 ± 9.5

2) Size: 68

Disease-specific:

Individual care planning;

Regular follow up;

Patients participate in effective programs

Nurses

•SBP*, DBP*

•BMI*

6 months

In contrast to SBP* and BMI*, effect of the intervention on the between-group difference in DBP* reduction was significant.

Leiva A et al. 2014 [38],

Spain

208 patients with hypertension

Experiment-group:

1) Age: 64.5 ± 9.8

2) Size: 103

Control-group:

1) Age: 66.7 ± 11.7

2) Size: 105

Disease-specific:

Evidence-based guidelines and information;

Timely reminder;

Regular follow up;

Family support;

Patients participate in effective programs

Nurse

•SBP*, DBP*

12 months

The SBP* in the intervention group was 151.3 versus 153.7 in the control group (P = 0.294). The DBP* did not differ between groups (83.4 versus 83.6).