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Table 1 Associations between demographic and health variables, and stroke and cognitive status

From: The impact of stroke, cognitive function and post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) on healthcare utilisation in Ireland: a cross-sectional nationally representative study

 

No stroke

Stroke

 

NCI

(n = 4020; 68.6%)

CI

(n = 1747; 29.8%)

NCI

(n = 42; 0.7%)

CI

(n = 50; 0.9%)

Test statistic

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

F

P value

Montreal Cognitive Assessment Score (MoCA) (n = 5859)

26.7 (1.81)*

n = 4020 (68.6%)

20.2 (3.10)*

n = 1747 (29.8%)

25.9 (1.61)*

n = 42 (0.7%)

18.6 (4.53)*

n = 50 (0.9%)

3303.95

 < 0.001

Age* (n = 5849)

61.3 (8.09)*

n = 4015 (68.7%)

66.3 (9.38)*

n = 1742 (29.8%)

67.3 (7.05)*

n = 42 (0.7%)

71.0 (8.93)*

n = 50 (0.8%)

158.51

 < 0.001

 

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Cramer’s V

P value

Sex

 Male

1832 (45.6)

807 (46.2)

22 (52.4)

28 (56.0)

0.023

0.392

 Female

2188 (54.4)

940 (53.8)

20 (47.6)

22 (44.0)

  

Education

 None/primary school

674 (16.8)*

812 (46.5)*

12 (28.5)

25 (50.0)*

0.244

 < 0.001

 Secondary/high school

1696 (42.2)

678 (38.9)

17 (40.5)

20 (40.0)

  

 Third level/university

1650 (41.0)

255 (14.6)

13 (31.0)

5 (10.0)

  

Marital status

      

 Not married

973 (24.2)*

617 (35.3)*

11 (26.2)

22 (44.0)*

0.118

 < 0.001

 Married

3047 (75.8)

1130 (64.7)

31 (73.8)

28 (56.0)

  

Living situation

      

 Living alone

700 (17.4)*

446 (25.5)*

8 (19.0)

17 (34.0)*

0.098

 < 0.001

 Living with others

3320 (82.6)

1301 (74.5)

34 (81.0)

33 (66.0)

  

Geographical location

      

 Urban (town/city)

2263 (56.3)*

809 (46.4)*

27 (64.3)

28 (56.0)

0.093

 < 0.001

 Rural

1754 (43.7)

936 (53.6)

15 (35.7)

22 (44.0)

  

Employment status

      

 Unemployed

2258 (56.2)*

1298 (74.3)*

35 (83.3)*

45 (90.0)*

0.182

 < 0.001

 Employed

1762 (43.8)

449 (25.7)

7 (16.7)

5 (10.0)

  

Medical card

      

 No

2602 (64.8)*

625 (35.8)*

13 (30.9)*

4 (8.0)*

0.284

 < 0.001

 Yes

1414 (35.2)

1122 (64.2)

29 (69.1)

46 (92.0)

  

Private insurance

      

 No

1207 (30.0)*

893 (51.2)*

14 (33.3)

32 (64.0)*

0.207

 < 0.001

 Yes

2810 (70.0)

853 (48.8)

28 (66.7)

18 (36.0)

  

Disability status

      

 No disability

3.686 (91.7)*

1440 (82.4)*

29 (69.1)*

29 (58.0)*

0.168

 < 0.001

 Disability

334 (8.3)

307 (17.6)

13 (30.9)

21 (42.0)

  

Body Mass Index (BMI)

      

 Normal weight

951 (23.7)*

366 (21.1)*

10 (23.8)

7 (14.6)

0.034

0.081

 Overweight/obese

3060 (76.3)

1372 (78.9)

32 (76.2)

41 (85.4)

  

Smoking status

      

 Non-smoker/ex-smoker

3426 (85.2)*

1419 (81.2)*

37 (88.1)

41 (82.0)

0.051

0.002

 Current smoker

594 (14.8)

328 (18.8)

5 (11.9)

9 (18.0)

  

Physical activity level

      

 Low

1077 (27.0)*

630 (36.3)*

17 (40.5)

28 (56.0)*

0.108

 < 0.001

 Moderate/High

2908 (73.0)

1103 (63.7)

25 (59.5)

22 (44.0)

  

CVD conditions

      

 No CVD conditions

1520 (37.8)*

566 (32.4)*

2 (4.8)*

11 (22.0)*

0.080

 < 0.001

 At least one CVD condition

2500 (62.2)

1181 (67.6)

40 (95.2)

39 (78.0)

  

Medications

      

 No Polypharmacy

3493 (87.3)*

1262 (73.0)*

18 (42.9)*

25 (50.0)*

0.208

 < 0.001

 Polypharmacy (5 + medications)

509 (12.7)

466 (27.0)

24 (57.1)

25 (50.0)

  

Depression

      

 None/mild

3670 (92.6)*

1509 (87.5)*

33 (84.6)

40 (83.3)*

0.086

 < 0.001

 Moderate/severe

294 (7.4)

215 (12.5)

6 (15.4)

8 (16.7)

  

Anxiety

      

 None/mild

2834 (77.2)*

1033 (71.7)*

23 (63.9)

22 (64.7)

0.065

 < 0.001

 Moderate/severe

836 (22.8)

407 (28.3)

13 (36.1)

12 (35.3)

  
  1. Results are based on Chi-Square tests (categorical variables) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests (continuous variables)
  2. NCI No Cognitive Impairment, CI Cognitive Impairment, SD Standard Deviation, CVD Cardiovascular Disease
  3. *Denotes a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between this category and the reference category (No stroke/ NCI)