Table 1 Leon Coetsee’s framework of change responses [31]

Forms of response

Description

Commitment

The most powerful acceptance of change, which requires employee empowerment and acceptance of values and goals for achieving the organization’s mission.

Involvement

A strong form of acceptance of change, which is demonstrated by taking part in the change by means of cooperation and participative behavior.

Support

Displayed through positive views on change although one does not necessarily act to promote or participate in it.

Indifference

The midpoint of the framework is characterized by neutral attitudes and passive resignation to change. Also described as the fourth form of resistance to change.

Passive resistance

A mild opposition to change (e.g., voicing negative views and considering quitting one’s job).

Active resistance

A strong opposition to change, which involves negative attitudes and impeding behaviors (e.g., protesting).

Aggressive resistance

The most extreme form of opposition to change, which may involve efforts to prevent change (e.g., by means of spreading rumors, strikes, and even sabotage).