HIV-related stigma and discrimination among health care workers during early program decentralization in rural district Gunungkidul, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Table 1 Respondent characteristics by facility type

	Total	Facility type
Characteristic	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD) or n (%)		p-value^a
	or n (%)	Hospital	PHC
	(n = 234)	(n = 116)	(n= 118)
Age (years)	40.1 (8.2)	39.4 (8.6)	40.9 (7.60)	0.193
Sex				0.546
Female	157 (67.1%)	80 (68.8%)	77 (65.2%)
Male	77 (32.9%)	36 (31.3%)	41 (34.8%)
HIV knowledge (scale:1—10)^b	8.1 (1.3)	7.9 (1.5)	8.3 (1.0)	0.009
Education				0.092
<Bachelor degree	151 (65.4%)	81 (69.8%)	70 (59.3%)
>Bachelor degree	83 (35.5%)	35 (30.2%)	48 (40.7%)
Profession				0.988
Physician/dentist	35 (15.0%)	14 (12.1%)	21 (17.8%)
Nurse/midwife	148 (63.2%)	80 (69.0%)	68 (57.6%)
Other	51 (21.8%)	22 (18.9%)	29 (24.6%)
Interactions with PLHIV in 12 months				0.004
No	107 (45.7%)	42 (36.2%)	65 (55.1%)
Yes	127 (54.3%)	74 (63.8%)	52 (44.9%)
Receipt of training, by topic
HIV and SAD				0.127
No	195 (83.3%)	94 (79.7%)	101 (87.1%)
Yes	39 (16. 7%)	24 (20.3%)	15 (12.9%)
Infection control & precautions				0.075
No	160 (68.4%)	73 (62. 9%)	87 (73.7%)
Yes	74 (31.6%)	43 (37.1%)	31 (26.3%)
Informed consent & confidentiality				0.694
No	188 (80.3%)	92 (79.3%)	96 (81.4%)
Yes	46 (19.7%)	24 (20.7%)	22 (18.6%)
SAD in HIV key populations^c				0.259
No	204 (87.2%)	104 (89.7%)	100 (84.7%)
Yes	30 (12.8%)	12 (10.3%)	18 (15.3%)
Any topic				0.118
No	145 (62.0%)	67 (57.8%)	78 (66.1%)
Yes	89 (38.0%)	49 (42.2%)	40 (33.9%)

HIV human immunodeficiency virus; PHC primary health center; PLHIV people living with HIV; SAD stigma and discrimination; SD standard deviation
^aFor the difference between hospital and PHC health care workers using the Student’s t-test for continuous variables and the Pearson's chi-squared test for binary and categorical variables
^bScores correspond to the number of correct answers out of 10 questions on basic knowledge of HIV transmission and its mode of exposure. The breakdown for each item and its proportion of correct response (in brackets) is as follows: HIV can be prevented by: 1) being faithful to one's husband or wife (65.8%); 2) wearing condoms during sex with persons of unknown HIV status (89.3%); 3) ref-raining from sharing needles (93.6%); 4) eating from the same plate that PLHIV used (91.9%); 5) mosquito bites (88.5%); 6) the risk of getting infected from contaminated needles is 1:300 (32.5%); 6) mother’s milk can be a vehicle for HIV transmission (65.0%); 8) sperm or semen can be a vehicle for HIV transmission (91.9%); 9) vaginal discharge can be a vehicle for HIV transmission (95.7%); and 10) other bodily fluids containing blood can be a vehicle for HIV transmission (95.7%)
^cThese are people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and sex workers

ISSN: 1472-6963