Table 2 Emergent themes and sub-themes

1

Resources

Staffing shortages

Lack of places to refer women facing IPV

Availability of GBV screening tools

Modification of ANC cards by including IPV items

Inadequate physical space

2

Awareness and training

Lack of comprehensive IPV training

Inadequate IPV screening knowledge

Need for brief IPV screening tools

3

Lack of awareness of IPV severity

Provider misperceptions

4

Establishing trust

Provider initiated probing

Rapport building

Patient initiated disclosure