Body mass index and healthcare costs: using genetic variants from the HUNT study as instrumental variables

Table 3 OLS estimates of the effect of BMI on GP-, specialist- and total costs

Type of healthcare costs	Adjustment	Males & females	Males	Females
Type of healthcare costs	Adjustment	Beta (SE) (€)	Beta (SE) (€)	Beta (SE) (€)
General practitioner costs	I^a	5.8 (0.16)***	7.0 (0.26)***	5.5 (0.20)***
General practitioner costs	II^b	5.8 (0.16)***	6.9 (0.26)***	5.5 (0.20)***
Specialist costs	I	44.6 (5.40)***	50.8 (9.91)***	45.2 (6.24)***
Specialist costs	II	52.0 (5.48)***	57.9 (10.04)***	50.8 (6.34)***
Total costs	I	45.7 (5.40)***	52.1 (9.91)***	46.2 (6.24)***
Total costs	II	53.0 (5.48)***	59.1 (10.05)***	51.8 (6.34)***

*** (p-value < 0.001)
^a Estimates were adjusted for study period, years of data available, birth year, and sex
^b Estimates were adjusted for study period, years of data, birth year, sex, educational level, smoking status, marital status, and urbanity

ISSN: 1472-6963