Table 2 Summary of reliability and mean scores and standard deviations for DASS-21 items and subscales (n = 1135)

DASS Depression

9.58 (6.09)

I could not seem to experience any positive feeling

0.70

0.89

1.33 (1.03)

I found it difficult to work up the initiative

0.52

0.91

1.18 (1.00)

I felt that I had nothing to look forward to

0.74

0.88

1.28 (1.15)

I felt down-hearted and blue

0.79

0.88

1.66 (1.11)

I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything

0.74

0.88

1.57 (1.05)

I felt I was not worth much as a person

0.73

0.89

1.13 (1.12)

I felt that life was meaningless

0.76

0.88

1.44 (1.17)

DASS Anxiety

8.79 (5.59)

I was aware of dryness of my mouth

0.59

0.86

1.52 (1.08)

I experienced breathing difficulty

0.61

0.86

1.14 (1.01)

I experienced trembling

0.67

0.85

1.06 (1.01)

I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself

0.62

0.86

1.36 (1.07)

I felt I was close to panic

0.72

0.85

1.29 (1.02)

I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion

0.67

0.85

1.25 (1.16)

I felt scared without any good reason

0.71

0.85

1.16 (1.05)

DASS Stress

1.82 (1.03)

I found it hard to wind down

0.65

0.88

1.73 (0.89)

I tended to over-react to situations

0.62

0.88

1.47 (0.98)

I felt I was using a lot of nervous energy

0.67

0.87

2.13 (0.99)

I found myself getting agitated

0.72

0.87

1.41 (1.11)

I found it difficult to relax

0.77

0.86

1.42 (1.03)

I was intolerant of anything that kept from getting on with what I was doing

0.72

0.87

1.51 (1.01)

I felt that I was rather touchy

0.63

0.88

1.82 (1.03)