Table 4 Characteristics of studies included
Author, year | Country (State/Region) | Study design and study period | Data source | Study setting | Number of care homes | Infectious disease | Outcome of interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bowblis, J. & Applebaum, R. (2020) [24] | United States of America (USA), (Ohio) | Cohort study, data collected April–June 2020 | Ohio Department of Health, Nursing Home Compare database, and Payroll-based Journaling | Nursing homes that have reported at least one case of COVID-19 to Ohio Department of Health. | 942 | COVID-19 | Facility size, facility location, temporary hired staff, nurse aides hours |
Drinka P.J. et al. (2004) [25] | USA (Wisconsin) | Cohort study, data collected during six influenza season 1993–2000 | Objectilvey measured data collected by researchers | A four-building, long-term care facility for veterans and their spouses | 1 | Influenza A | Facility design |
Gorges, R.J. & Konetzka R.T. (2020) [26] | USA | Cohort study, data obtained in June 2020 | Nursing Home Compare (NHC) database, Long-Term Care Focus, and COVID-19 Nursing Home Dataset from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) | All nursing homes in the CMS COVID-19 Nursing Home Dataset that had passed the CMS Quality Assurance Check as of June 25, 2020. | 13,167 | COVID-19 | Nurse aides hours |
Halloran, N.F. et al. (2020) [27] | England (Cheshire and Merseyside) | Case-control study comparing characteristics between care homes with and without a declared influenza outbreak | Public Health of England Health Protection Case Management System, and the Care Quality Commission (CQC) | All CQC-registered care homes in Cheshire and Merseyside that declared an influenza outbreak between mid-December 2017 and May 2018 | 154 | Influenza A and B | Facility size |
He, M et al. (2020) [28] | USA (California) | Cross-sectional study, data obtained in June 2020 | California Department of Public Health, Nursing Home Compare Database, and nursing home data from Long-Term Care Focus | All nursing homes in California | 1223 | COVID-19 | Facility size, facility design |
Inns, T. et al. (2018) [29] | England (Cheshire and Merseyside) | Cohort study, data collected December 2012–December 2016 | Records collected by the local Community Infection Prevention & Control Team, and data from the Care Quality Commission (CQC) | All CQC-registered care homes in Cheshire and Merseyside | 379 | Infectious gastroenteritis | Facility size |
Li, J. et al. (1996) [30] | USA (New York State) | Case-control study (case = care home with outbreak), all of year 1992 | New York State Department of Health, and survey data completed by care home managers | All licensed nursing homes in New York State caring primarily for older people | 171 | Respiratory and gastrointestinal infection | Facility size, staff compartmentalizing |
Lin, H. et al. (2011) [31] | Hong Kong | Cohort study from January 2005 until December 2007 | Annual Territorywide Infection Control Checklist Survey, and the Public Health Information System | All elderly homes operating in Hong Kong | 748 | Norovirus | Facility design |
Lombardo F.L. et al. (2020) [32] | Italy | Cross-sectional study, survey completed March–May 2020 | Survey data provided by care home directors | All nursing homes in Italy | 1356 | COVID-19 | Facility size |
Morciano, M. et al. (2021) [33] | England | Cohort study, data obtained in August 2020 | Data records from the Care Quality Commission | All nursing homes in England with death notification data | 4428 | COVID-19 | Facility size |
Rolland, Y. et al. (2020) [34] | France (Haute-Garonne) | Cross-sectional study, survey completed in March–May 2020 | Survey data provided by care home directors | All long-term care facilities in Haute-Garonne | 124 | COVID-19 | Temporary hired staff, staff compartmentalizing |
Shallcross, L. et al. (2021) [35] | England | Cross-sectional study, telephone-survey completed in May–June 2020 | Survey data provided by care home directors, SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results | All long-term care facilities for individuals aged ≥65 years or providing dementia care | 5126 | COVID-19 | Facility size, temporary hired staff |
Shi, S. et al. (2020) [36] | USA (Boston, Massachusetts) | Retrospective cohort study, data collected March–May 2020 | Medical records, SARS-CoV-2 test results, federally mandated clinical assessment data of residents | An approximately 500-bed academic long-term care facility in Boston | 1 | COVID-19 | Residency of staff |
Stall, N. et al. (2020) [37] | Canada (Ontario) | Retrospective cohort study, data collected March–May 2020 | Ontario Ministries of Health and Long-Term Care, COVID-19 Ontario Census | All long-term care homes in Ontario | 623 | COVID-19 | Facility size, facility design |
Sugg, M. et al. (2020) [38] | USA | Cross-sectional study of a national cohort, data obtained in June 2020 | Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, American Community Survey, the 2010 Census, SARS-CoV-2 test results | All nursing homes operating since 2015 | 13,709 | COVID-19 | Facility location |
White, E.M. et al. (2020) [39] | USA | Cross-sectional study, data obtained in May 2020 | Genesis Healthcare database, Long-Term Care Focus, Nursing Home Compare database | Skilled nursing facilities by the provider Genesis HealthCare and other providers operating in states providing data on COVID-19 test results | 3357 | COVID-19 | Facility size |