Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of health care-seeking behavior
| Â | Pooled logistic | Random effects logistic | Fixed effects logistic |
|---|---|---|---|
(i) | (ii) | (iii) | |
Odds Ratios (95% CI) | Odds Ratios (95% CI) | Odds Ratios (95% CI) | |
Smoking status | |||
 Current smoking | 0.84*** (0.75, 0.93) | 0.79*** (0.69, 0.89) | 0.65*** (0.50, 0.84) |
 Never smoking | 0.90* (0.80, 1.00) | 0.86** (0.75, 0.98) | 0.79* (0.60, 1.04) |
Former smoking (ref.) | |||
 Regular drinking | 0.76*** (0.71, 0.82) | 0.72*** (0.67, 0.79) | 0.77*** (0.65, 0.91) |
 Physical inactivity | 0.76*** (0.72, 0.79) | 0.73*** (0.69, 0.77) | 0.76*** (0.69, 0.83) |
Age group | |||
 16–24 (ref.) |  |  |  |
  25–64 | 1.18*** (1.07, 1.31) | 1.23*** (1.09, 1.39) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.37) |
   > =65 | 1.57*** (1.40, 1.75) | 1.74*** (1.52, 2.00) | 1.74*** (1.17, 2.59) |
  Male | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.32, 3.26) |
Educational attainment | |||
 Illiteracy (ref.) |  |  |  |
  Elementary school | 0.99 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 1.15 (0.86, 1.55) |
  Middle school | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 1.23 (0.83,1.81) |
  High school | 0.79*** (0.73, 0.86) | 0.76*** (0.68, 0.84) | 1.18 (0.71, 1.96) |
  Above three-year college | 0.59*** (0.53, 0.66) | 0.53*** (0.47, 0.61) | 1.21 (0.67, 2.20) |
  Married | 1.24*** (1.16, 1.33) | 1.30*** (1.19, 1.41) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) |
  Urban residency | 0.83*** (0.79, 0.88) | 0.80*** (0.75, 0.86) | 1.25** (1.00, 1.56) |
Medical insurance | |||
 GMI | 1.24*** (1.08, 1.43) | 1.25** (1.05, 1.48) | 1.01 (0.74, .139) |
 UEMI | 1.14*** (1.04, 1.26) | 1.14** (1.01, 1.27) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.35) |
 URMI | 1.14** (1.03, 1.27) | 1.17** (1.03, 1.32) | 1.19 (0.97, 1.46) |
 NRCMI | 1.51*** (1.40, 1.62) | 1.57*** (1.44, 1.71) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) |
 Other Insurance | 0.92 (0.67, 1.27) | 0.87 (0.60, 1.27) | 0.89 (0.51, 1.54) |
No Insurance (ref.) | |||
 Household income | 1.01** (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01*** (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01** (1.00, 1.02) |
 Economically active | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) |
Health status | |||
 Poor | 1.38*** (1.29, 1.47) | 1.46*** (1.36, 1.58) | 1.42*** (1.26, 1.59) |
Fair (ref.) | |||
 Good | 0.94** (0.89, 0.99) | 0.94* (0.88, 1.00) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) |
 Chronic conditions | 2.42*** (2.29, 2.57) | 2.69*** (2.51, 2.88) | 2.04*** (1.85, 2.25) |
Severity of physical discomfort | |||
 Mild | 0.58*** (0.55, 0.61) | 0.52*** (0.48, 0.55) | 0.52*** (0.47, 0.58) |
Moderate (ref.) | |||
 Serious | 1.87*** (1.76, 1.98) | 2.09*** (1.95, 2.24) | 1.94*** (1.75, 2.15) |
 Constant | 1.44*** (1.21, 1.72) | 1.62*** (1.32, 1.99) |  |
 Observations | 44,362 | 44,362 | 13,036 |