Table 4 Predictors as per logistic regression, presented as Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval). All Odds Ratios significant at p < 0.05

Age, in years

18–29

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

30–39

1.09

0.90; 1.31

1.23

1.10; 1.39

0.89

0.75; 1.05

1.10

0.94; 1.29

0.98

0.85; 1.13

0.74

0.63; 0.86

0.96

0.83; 1.11

1.21

1.00; 1.45

40–49

1.15

0.96; 1.38

1.19

1.05;1.34

1.13

0.96; 1.33

1.00

0.84; 1.18

1.02

0.88; 1.17

0.79

0.68; 0.92

0.84

0.73; 0.98

1.23

1.02; 1.49

50–64

1.68

1.41; 1.99

1.12

0.99; 1.27

1.40

1.20; 1.64

0.98

0.82; 1.17

0.86

0.74; 0.99

0.57

0.48; 0.68

0.88

0.76; 1.03

0.98

0.81; 1.20

> 65

2.45

1.97; 3.06

0.88

0.70; 1.10

2.01

1.61; 2.50

0.49

0.31; 0.77

0.49

0.37; 0.65

0.37

0.25; 0.57

0.68

0.50; 0.93

0.73

0.52; 1.02

Gender

Male

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Female

1.49

1.35; 1.65

1.30

1.20; 1.41

0.82

0.72; 0.92

1.72

1.55; 1.91

0.43

0.38; 0.49

0.77

0.70; 0.85

0.67

0.59; 0.75

1.21

1.09; 1.34

0.62

0.55; 0.71

Ethnicity

Non-Hispanic White

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Hispanic

0.59

0.49; 0.71

0.88

0.75; 1.03

1.35

1.16; 1.57

1.32

1.14; 1.53

1.25

1.07; 1.46

Black

0.62

0.52; 0.74

0.90

0.74; 1.09

1.41

1.18; 1.68

1.22

1.05; 1.42

1.13

0.93; 1.36

Asian

0.44

0.34; 0.58

1.31

1.03; 1.67

1.61

1.25; 2.06

1.19

0.96; 1.48

1.38

1.09; 1.75

Other

0.38

0.16; 0.89

1.37

0.79; 2.40

1.48

0.85; 2.59

1.24

0.68; 2.26

1.14

0.56; 2.35

Region

West

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Northeast

0.84

0.74; 0.96

0.50

0.41; 0.62

1.62

1.39; 1.89

1.54

1.29; 1.85

0.70

0.59; 0.82

1.33

1.09; 1.63

Midwest

0.81

0.72; 0.91

0.68

0.57; 0.80

1.33

1.15; 1.55

1.18

0.99; 1.41

0.91

0.79; 1.04

1.27

1.05; 1.53

South

0.87

0.79; 0.97

0.87

0.75; 1.00

1.32

1.15; 1.52

1.18

1.00; 1.39

0.83

0.73; 0.95

1.41

1.19; 1.67

Education

Less than high school

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

High school

2.18

1.67; 2.86

1.05

0.87; 1.26

1.81

1.42; 2.31

0.63

0.54; 0.73

1.32

1.09; 1.60

1.09

0.90; 1.33

0.72

0.61; 0.86

College or more

3.31

2.52; 4.35

0.79

0.64; 0.97

2.07

1.61; 2.66

0.39

0.32; 0.47

1.08

0.89; 1.32

1.33

1.09; 1.62

0.55

0.45; 0.67

Income

<  20.000

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

20.000–34.999

1.08

0.93; 1.26

1.37

1.18; 1.58

0.87

0.75; 1.02

0.78

0.68; 0.90

1.07

0.91; 1.25

35.000–64.999

1.15

0.99; 1.33

1.14

0.96; 1.34

0.95

0.82; 1.10

0.68

0.57; 0.80

0.76

0.63; 0.91

>  65.000

1.31

1.11; 1.54

0.84

0.71; 0.91

1.17

1.00; 1.38

0.39

0.30; 0.50

0.51

0.40; 0.65

Marital status

in relationship

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

not in relationship

1.22

1.10; 1.37

0.81

0.71; 0.91

0.86

0.77; 0.98

BMI

18.5 to 25

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

up to 18.5

0.77

0.47; 1.26

1.23

0.83; 1.83

1.57

0.99; 2.50

25–30

1.05

0.92; 1.21

1.05

0.93; 1.18

1.22

1.04; 1.43

30 and more

1.20

1.03; 1.38

0.86

0.75; 0.98

1.31

1.12; 1.54

Health status

very good/excellent

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

good

1.33

1.18; 1.49

1.19

1.04; 1.36

0.93

0.83; 1.05

0.81

0.72; 0.91

0.71

0.62; 0.81

1.33

1.16; 1.53

fair to poor

2.18

1.81; 2.63

0.99

0.77; 1.27

0.54

0.42; 0.71

0.77

0.61; 0.97

0.38

0.27; 0.55

1.75

1.42; 2.16

Multiple chronic conditions

no condition

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

one condition

1.78

1.58; 2.00

1.10

1.00; 1.22

0.51

0.43; 0.60

1.23

1.09; 1.38

0.58

0.49; 0.68

1.20

1.07; 1.35

0.63

0.53; 0.74

0.59

0.51; 0.68

1.19

1.03; 1.38

two conditions

2.60

2.22; 3.03

0.97

0.83;1.13

0.50

0.39; 0.66

1.28

1.08; 1.52

0.30

0.21; 0.42

0.93

0.76; 1.13

0.27

0.18; 0.40

0.39

0.29; 0.51

1.17

0.93; 1.47

≥ three conditions

4.76

3.89; 5.82

0.58

0.44; 0.75

0.15

0.08; 0.29

1.07

0.82; 1.39

0.33

0.22; 0.51

0.69

0.50; 0.96

0.18

0.09; 0.36

0.18

0.10; 0.34

1.43

1.07; 1.90

Smoking

Non smoking

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Smoking

0.59

0.51; 0.69

0.81

0.70; 0.94

1.79

1.57; 2.04

0.83

0.72; 0.96

1.51

1.31; 1.74

Alcohol consumption

Abstainers

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Light

1.16

1.03; 1.31

1.20

1.09; 1.33

1.21

1.07; 1.36

0.76

0.67; 0.87

0.80

0.71; 0.89

0.82

0.71; 0.95

Moderate to heavy

1.06

0.92; 1.23

1.20

1.07; 1.35

1.17

1.01; 1.35

0.87

0.74; 1.01

0.81

0.71; 0.93

0.78

0.65; 0.93

Exercise

Sedentary

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Moderate level

1.00

0.90; 1.12

1.28

1.11; 1.48

1.11

0.98; 1.26

0.65

0.55; 0.77

0.71

0.62; 0.82

1.30

1.15; 1.47

0.75

0.62; 0.90

High level

1.25

1.06; 1.48

1.19

0.95; 1.49

1.27

1.04; 1.56

0.76

0.60; 0.95

0.80

0.65; 0.99

0.87

0.69; 1.09

0.77

0.58; 1.02

Health insurance

no insurance

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

public

3.76

2.87; 4.92

1.45

1.21; 1.74

0.30

0.23; 0.39

2.24

1.74; 2.89

0.32

0.26; 0.40

3.33

2.63; 4.22

1.43

1.15; 1.79

private

3.37

2.68; 4.24

1.54

1.36; 1.74

0.36

0.31; 0.41

2.45

2.00; 2.99

0.27

0.23; 0.31

3.15

2.61; 3.79

0.99

0.84; 1.17

Could not afford

Prescription medication

1.22

1.03; 1.44

0.73

0.60; 0.90

0.67

0.48; 0.94

1.45

1.20; 1.76

Mental Care

0.65

0.44; 0.97

Dental Care

1.30

1.14; 1.49

1.64

1.42; 1.90

0.71

0.58; 0.87

0.56

0.45; 0.69

0.69

0.54; 0.88

0.68

0.57; 0.82

Eyeglass

1.34

1.06; 1.69

0.69

0.51; 0.92

0.70

0.50; 0.99

Specialist

1.86

1.48; 2.34