Table 2 Hospital and patient characteristics

Hospital characteristics

Average yearly case volume, median (Q1;Q3)

85

(21;478)

120

(31;297)

35

(15;60)

138

(61;257)

147

(89;233)

189

(110;284)

 rural

96

(42.3%)

93

(41.5%)

82

(40.8%)

91

(40.4%)

94

(42%)

95

(41.7%)

 urban

131

(57.7%)

131

(58.5%)

119

(59.2%)

134

(59.6%)

130

(58%)

133

(58.3%)

 non-profit

46

(20.3%)

45

(20.1%)

39

(19.4%)

45

(20%)

45

(20.1%)

46

(20.2%)

 private

93

(41%)

91

(40.6%)

82

(40.8%)

93

(41.3%)

92

(41.1%)

94

(41.2%)

 public

88

(38.8%)

88

(39.3%)

80

(39.8%)

87

(38.7%)

87

(38.8%)

88

(38.6%)

 no

219

(96.5%)

216

(96.4%)

193

(96%)

217

(96.4%)

216

(96.4%)

220

(96.5%)

 yes

8

(3.5%)

8

(3.6%)

8

(4%)

8

(3.6%)

8

(3.6%)

8

(3.5%)

Patient characteristics

 no

175,963

(90.7%)

124,034

(92.7%)

24,345

(96.8%)

115,009

(67.1%)

125,965

(96.3%)

128,825

(91%)

 yes

17,949

(9.3%)

9721

(7.3%)

814

(3.2%)

56,448

(32.9%)

4822

(3.7%)

12,812

(9%)

Age, median (Q1; Q3)

76

(64;82)

71

(59;80)

71

(62;79)

69

(58;78)

71

(63;79)

77

(65;84)

 male

100,450

(51.8%)

90,629

(67.8%)

14,357

(57.1%)

104,763

(61.1%)

72,258

(55.2%)

80,225

(56.6%)

 female

93,462

(48.2%)

43,126

(32.2%)

10,802

(42.9%)

66,694

(38.9%)

58,529

(44.8%)

61,412

(43.4%)

Elixhauser comorbidities, median (Q1; Q3)

3

(2;5)

3

(2;5)

4

(2;5)

5

(3;6)

4

(2;5)

3

(2;5)

 referral

56,778

(29.3%)

43,747

(32.7%)

20,481

(81.4%)

59,750

(34.8%)

63,862

(48.8%)

57,405

(40.5%)

 emergency case

120,330

(62.1%)

74,361

(55.6%)

4290

(17.1%)

83,156

(48.5%)

62,410

(47.7%)

84,232

(59.5%)

 transfer from other hospital

16,804

(8.7%)

15,647

(11.7%)

388

(1.5%)

28,551

(16.7%)

4515

(3.5%)

0

(0%)

 no

173,190

(89.3%)

110,866

(82.9%)

19,351

(76.9%)

94,898

(55.3%)

124,318

(95.1%)

135,261

(95.5%)

 yes

20,722

(10.7%)

22,889

(17.1%)

5808

(23.1%)

76,559

(44.7%)

6469

(4.9%)

6376

(4.5%)