Table 1 Summary statistics of the Chinese Social Survey, 2006–2019

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

Male

49.74

49.90

50.50

50.77

50.83

50.86

50.85

Urban hukou

37.30

37.98

36.17

26.49

28.24

32.73

32.14

Rural hukou (non-rural-to-urban migrant)

50.11

50.84

44.70

46.07

41.13

36.14

38.89

Rural hukou (rural-to-urban migrant)

12.59

11.17

19.14

27.44

30.63

31.13

28.96

Enrolled in middle school or above

63.29

65.95

67.15

71.23

70.84

72.98

75.08

Married or cohabiting

79.94

77.59

76.31

77.94

79.41

77.41

76.64

Employment status (Employed = 1)

72.90

72.78

70.33

72.88

70.12

64.89

67.23

Covered by public health insurance (Yes = 1)

31.50

64.74

84.88

89.27

88.83

79.71

84.11

The experience of unbearable health

expenditure in the last year (Yes = 1)

45.07

37.59

28.16

29.20

33.23

32.37

30.50

Self-rated social status (above average = 1)

45.14

47.94

52.08

48.77

41.55

34.67

47.06

Perceived medical safety

62.55

72.64

N/A

74.72

N/A

77.98

N/A

mean

mean

mean

mean

mean

mean

mean

Age

40.88

41.25

42.60

39.30

41.27

41.89

41.89

[0.19]

[0.20]

[0.24]

[0.16]

[0.15]

[0.15]

[0.15]

Annual household income (RMB)

19,581.24

29,163.98

56,376.15

63,657.69

70,199.59

68,127.94

93,942.54

[459.32]

[659.46]

[2069.24]

[2255.11]

[1304.15]

[1455.16]

[2202.50]

Observations

n = 7061

n = 7139

n = 7036

n = 10,206

n = 10,243

n = 10,143

n = 10,283