Fig. 1

Interacting stakeholders within ‘professional digital health’. Here the roles of patient, physician, the healthcare institution and the manufacturer (including those hosting and processing data) converge. The doctor-patient interaction is key because the decision-making process regarding the adoption of digital health generally occurs in this context. Professional digital health is influenced by the roles of the health institution and the manufacturer, which serve to ensure the quality of the digital health technology and offer technical and organisational support for its application when necessary. In the background, external factors outside of the physician’s control may influence the performance of a digital health technology, such as the quality of the internet connection.