Table 1 Characteristics of U.S. Office-based Visits for Patients with Chronic Disease by Practice Reimbursement Composition (N = 41,897)
|  | Majority Capitation (N = 2316) | Majority FFS (N = 33,569) | Other Reimbursement Mix (N = 6012) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient Characteristics | ||||
 Demographics | ||||
  Age | 66 [14] | 65 [14] | 64 [14] | 0.056 |
  Sex | ||||
  Male | 45% | 47% | 44% | 0.096 |
  Female | 55% | 53% | 56% | |
  Race/Ethnicity | ||||
   Non-Hispanic White | 51% | 74% | 63% | < 0.001 |
   Non-Hispanic Black | 15% | 12% | 14% | |
   Hispanic | 24% | 9% | 17% | |
   Non-Hispanic Other | 9% | 5% | 6% | |
 Comorbidities | ||||
  Cancer | 9% | 9% | 8% | 0.546 |
  Cerebrovascular Disease | 4% | 4% | 3% | 0.393 |
  COPD | 7% | 8% | 8% | 0.745 |
  Congestive Heart Failure | 7% | 5% | 4% | 0.017 |
  Coronary Artery Disease | 16% | 15% | 12% | 0.075 |
  Depression | 12% | 12% | 11% | 0.700 |
  Obesity | 43% | 48% | 45% | 0.258 |
  Total Number of Chronic Conditions | 3.1 [1.7] | 2.8 [1.7] | 2.7 [1.6] | 0.032 |
 Payor Type | ||||
  Private Insurance | 35% | 40% | 38% | 0.034 |
  Medicare | 53% | 51% | 49% | |
  Medicaid | 7% | 6% | 8% | |
  Other | 4% | 3% | 5% | |
Visit Characteristics | ||||
 Number of Times Seen in Past 12 Months | 3.7 [4.8] | 5.2 [4.0] | 5.2 [5.4] | 0.006 |
Physician/Practice Characteristics | ||||
 United States Census Region^ | ||||
  Northeast | 10% | 20% | 25% | < 0.001 |
  Midwest | 7% | 23% | 16% | |
  South | 30% | 39% | 42% | |
  West | 53% | 18% | 17% | |
 Metropolitan Area | 93% | 88% | 91% | 0.081 |
 Solo Practice | 21% | 37% | 35% | 0.005 |
 Physician Specialty | ||||
  Primary Care | 77% | 67% | 71% | 0.135 |
  Medical Specialty Care | 23% | 33% | 29% | |
 Physician Compensation | ||||
  Share of Billings | 8% | 23% | 22% | < 0.001 |
  Fixed Salary | 58% | 32% | 37% | |
  Mix | 27% | 37% | 30% | |
  Other | 7% | 8% | 11% | |
 Practice Ownership | ||||
  Physician | 66% | 76% | 79% | 0.033 |
  Medical/Academic Health Center | 10% | 12% | 8% | |
  Insurance Company, Health Plan or HMO | 24% | 13% | 13% | |
 Employment Status | ||||
  Full Owner | 22% | 39% | 38% | 0.004 |
  Part Owner | 28% | 23% | 24% | |
  Employee or Contractor | 50% | 38% | 38% | |
 Payor Mix | ||||
  Majority Medicare | 27% | 27% | 23% | 0.488 |
  Majority Medicaid | 4% | 2% | 2% | 0.298 |
  Majority Private Insurance | 43% | 25% | 19% | 0.004 |
  Majority Patient Payments or Other* | 1% | 1% | 4% | 0.041 |
 Majority Managed Care Contracts | 69% | 23% | 26% | < 0.001 |