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Table 3 Percent of participants who perceive given barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health services

From: Adolescents’ perceived barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health services in California: a cross-sectional survey

 

Group

n

Test results

Cost of service

Confidentiality of service

Discomfort talking with staff

Judgment by staff

Lack of knowledge about visit

Lack of access

5 or more Barriers

All participants

10,015

52.7

52.0

49.8

36.7

36.4

29.1

26.3

17.8

Gender

 Male (reference)

5,166

51.1

49.4

43.9

35.1

30.1

27.1

22.5

13.3

 Female

4,664

54.5**

54.4***

56.1***

37.9*

42.8***

31.1***

29.8***

22.3***

 Transgender/non-binary/multiple genders

129

53.9

68.8***

59.2**

49.2**

53.5***

34.1

42.5***

32.6***

Age

 10-14 years (reference)

4,579

56.3

54.9

53.8

43.8

40.2

33.9

30.8

21.8

 15-19 years

5,369

49.6***

49.4***

46.4***

30.6***

33.2***

24.9***

22.4***

14.5***

Sexual orientation

 Straight/heterosexual (reference)

8,140

51.9

50.7

48.7

36.3

34.8

28.5

25.3

16.6

 LGBQ+

1,503

57.0***

59.2***

56.7***

37.5

44.7***

31.1*

31.0***

25.1***

Ethnicity/race

 Hispanic (reference)

7,546

53.0

52.6

50.6

35.9

36.7

27.9

25.8

17.6

 Non-Hispanic White

968

46.8**

51.3

46.5

41.2*

36.0

34.4**

29.7

19.1

 Non-Hispanic Black

479

47.8

39.5***

40.9**

30.8

28.9*

23.5

18.3**

11.1**

 Non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian

407

65.8***

62.4**

54.9

44.0*

44.4*

38.4***

32.3

29.7***

 Non-Hispanic American Indian/ Alaska Native

133

58.6

44.6

42.9

42.3

40.5

36.4

32.8

17.3

 Non-Hispanic Multiple

331

52.6

45.8

48.1

33.5

29.5

29.4

27.2

13.9

Living situation

 Stable housing (reference)

8,585

52.6

53.0

51.3

37.0

36.9

29.5

26.8

18.5

 Foster care

591

57.5

50.9

46.7

34.8

37.5

24.6

25.3

15.9

 Juvenile justice facility

357

43.2**

31.0***

22.5***

22.8***

19.9***

22.1*

11.0***

5.6***

 Unstable housing

224

53.4

55.9

47.5

42.0

45.9

31.4

31.7

17.4

Ever had vaginal and/or anal sex

 No (reference)

7,039

54.8

55.0

53.1

40.5

38.7

31.8

28.7

20.3

 Yes

2,851

47.9***

44.7***

41.9***

26.5***

30.7***

22.5***

20.0***

11.8***

  1. Note: Cell entries are the percent who agree. Asterisks indicate statistically significant difference compared to reference group (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001)