Table 1 Characteristics of included studies (n = 12)
Study Design | Authors year | Country | Setting | Patients Characteristics | Advanced Practice Models of Care Characteristics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample (n) | Age (Mean years ± SD) | Gender (female, %) | APPs Experience | APPs Training | APPs role | Medical Delegated Acts | ||||
RCTs | Bornhöft et al., 2019 | Sweden | Primary care | MSKDs (n = 55) | 39.1 | 60% | Variable depending on the APPs | Not reported | Autonomous assessment & management | None |
Daker-White et al., 1999 | United Kingdom | Orthopaedic care | MSKDs (n = 481) | 48.5 | 52% | Not reported | X-ray prescription | Autonomous assessment, management & referral to medical specialists | Diagnostic imaging (X-ray, MRI), EMG & Blood tests | |
McClellan et al., 2013 | United Kingdom | Emergency care | Peripheral MSK injury (no fracture) (n = 372a) | 85% between 17 and 44 | 44% | Not reported | Not reported | Autonomous assessment & management (initial triage by nurses) | Not reported | |
Richardson et al., 2005 | United Kingdom | Emergency care | MSK injury (no fracture) (n = 766) | 39.3 ± 16.2 | 42% | Unclear | Not reported | Autonomous assessment, management & referral to medical specialists (initial triage by nurses) | Diagnostic imaging (X-ray) | |
Observational studiesb | Belthur et al.,2003 | United Kingdom | Paediatric orthopaedic care | Paediatric MSKDs (n = 932) | 7.5 | 47% | Not reported | Residency type training in the paediatric orthopaedic unit | Autonomous assessment, management & referral to medical specialists | Not reported |
Brennen et al., 2019 | Australia | Gynaecology, urogynaecology and urology care | Pelvic floor disorders (n = 268) | Not reported | 100% | Not reported (60 APPs in total) | APP pelvic floor training | Autonomous assessment, management & referral to medical specialists | Urodynamic investigation | |
Cottrell et al., 2019 | Australia | Orthopaedic care | MSKDs (n = 44) | 50.9 ± 12.4 | 70% | Not reported | Not reported | Autonomous assessment, management (telehealth and face-to face) & referral to medical specialists | Diagnostic imaging (X-ray, MRI & CT), blood test, injection c | |
Harding et al., 2018 | Australia | Orthopaedic care | Hip & knee arthroplasty follow-up (n = 2057) | Not reported | Not reported | > 7 years in MSK care | Four days APP training & postgraduate master’s degree in MSK physiotherapy | Autonomous assessment, management & referral to medical specialists | Diagnostic imaging (X-ray, MRI & CT), blood test, injectionc | |
McGill, 2017 & McGill et al., 2021 | USA | Primary care (military) | MSKDs (n = 8053a) | 35.4 ± 12.7 | Not reported | Not reported | 10–12 days Military APP training | Autonomous assessment, management & referral to medical specialists | Diagnostic imaging & medications | |
Ó Mír et al., 2019 | Ireland | Paediatric orthopaedic care | Paediatric MSKDs (n = 534) | 7.8 | 52% | Not reported | One-month residency type training in the paediatric orthopaedic unit | Autonomous assessment, management & referral to medical specialists | Diagnostic imaging (X-ray, MRI) & Blood testsc | |
Peterson et al., 2021 | Sweden | Primary care | MSKDs requiring X-Rays (n = 107) | Not reported | Not reported | > 3 years in primary care | One-Day training on X-ray prescription | Autonomous assessment, management & referral to medical specialists | Diagnostic imaging (X-ray) | |
Modeling d | Coman et al., 2014 & Standfield et al., 2016 | Australia | Orthopaedic care | MSKDs (n = 980) | 56.7 ± 13.9 | 56% | Most had > 10 years | Not reported | Autonomous assessment, management (multidisciplinary team) & referral to orthopaedic specialist wait list | Diagnostic imaging (X-ray) & referrals for injections |