Author, year | Country | Private Health Insurance company | Target population | Program | Duration of the intervention considered for the study | Study Sample | Study type | Outcome measure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies on financial incentives | ||||||||
 An et al., 2013 | South Africa | Discovery | Members | Cash-back for healthy food program | Feb 2009 to Nov 2011 | 350,000 participants and non-participants | Retrospective cohort | Self-reported measures of food consumption and weight status (BMI) |
 Patel et al., 2011 | South Africa | Discovery | Members | Vitality health promotion program | 2001–2006 | N = 192,467 participants Mean age = 44 years % female = 35% | Retrospective cohort | Changes in the participation in activities on fitness, and hospital admissions |
 Patel et al., 2010 | South Africa | Discovery | Members | Vitality physical activity | 1 year (2006) | 948,974 members | cross-sectional | Hospital admissions |
 Sturm et al., 2013 | South Africa | Discovery | members | Cash-back for healthy food | Nov 2009 – March 2012 | 100,344 (intervention) 69,141 (control) | Case control | Changes in healthy food purchases |
 Hubbert et al., 2003 | USA | University of Alabama at Birmingham’s (UAB)-owned HMO | Members | Financial incentives on a weight loss program | January 1998–February 2001 | N = 125 participants Mean age = 49 years % female = 67% | Cohort with matched controls | Participation rate and weight loss |
 Schwartz et al., 2014 | South Africa | Discovery | Members | Financial incentives | January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2012 | 6570 households Age and gender profile not provided | RCT | Healthy food purchases |
 Ball et al., 2017 | Australia | GMHBA | Members | the ACHIEVE (Active Choices IncEntiVE) | June-Nov 2015 | 80 participants %female = 56% Men age no provided | Cohort- Pre-post design | Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviour |
 Lambert et al., 2009 | South Africa | Discovery | Members | Vitality – incentive based physical activity | 1 year (2006) | 948,976 members | Cross sectional | Hospital admissions and costs |
 McGill et al., 2018 | Australia | HCF and other two unknown insurers | Members | Australian weight loss and lifestyle modification program (Financial incentives) | 18 weeks, 2015 | 130 and 28 participants for 2 samples from intervention %female = 67.7 and 46.6% | Mixed method | Attitudes and views of participants |
Studies on health coaching | ||||||||
 Adams et al., 2013 | USA | Kaiser Permanente | Members | Health coaching | 6 month period in 2011 | N = 1410 members who had initial session between Jan 1, 2011, and Aug 23, 2011 | Cross- sectional survey | patient satisfaction and perceived success |
 Koocher et al., 2001 | USA | Fallon community health care | Community | Medical crisis counselling | Not provided | 20 participants (intervention) 18 (control) Mean age = 57.5 Gender profile = not provided | RCT | Reductions in distress, hospital utilisation and costs |
 Härter et al., 2013 | Germany | KKH-Allianz | Members | Health coaching | 3 months (2007) | 834 participants Mean age- = 66.2% female = 58.3% | Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of the coaching and process, effects on patient and physician communication |
 Schwartz et al., 2010a | USA | Highmark Inc., Blue Cross Shield | Members | Online disease management program with coaching | 2004–2006 | 413 participants (intervention) 360 (control) | Retrospective quasi experimental cohort | Medical costs and claims |
 Scuffham et al., 2019 | Australia | Bupa | Members | Health coaching for disease management (CAPICHe) | 1 year (2012) | 35,535 participants (intervention) 8883 (control) Mean age = 72.7 (intervention & control) %female = 46% (intervention) 46.2% (control) | RCT | Healthcare utilisation and costs |
 Lawson et al., 2013 | USA | Not provided | Members | Health coaching-telephonic | January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010 | 570 participants | Cohort study | Health and behavioural outcomes |
 Schmittdiel et al., 2017 | USA | Kaiser Permanente | Members | Wellness coaching on weight loss | 12 months (January 1 to August 232,011) | 954 participants (intervention) 19,080 (control) Mean age = 52%female = 83% | Cross sectional | Changes in weight loss |
  Harmar et al., 2010 | Germany | A German private insurance company | Members | Telephonic coaching in Chronic care management program | January 2, 2008 to January 1, 2009 | 17,319 participants (intervention) 5668 (control) Mean age 71.2 (intervention) Mean age = 72.5 (control) % Female = 50.8 (intervention) % female = 45.6 | Retrospective quasi experimental cohort | Hospital admission rate |
 Morello et al., 2016 | Australia | An Australian Private Health Insurer | Members | Telephonic Complex Care Program | 6 months (2012) | 273 participants (intervention) 232 (control) Mean age = 79 for both groups % female = 57.5% (Intervention) % female = 59.1% (control) | Case control | Hospital use and benefits paid |
Studies on wellness programs | ||||||||
 Harris, 2011 | USA | Blue shield | Members | Wellness program (Healthy Lifestyle rewards program) | 2 years (2006 and 2007) | 8003 (intervention) 187,631 (control) | observational cohort study | Medical utilisation, health claims, health risk behaviours |
 King et al., 2012 | USA | Not provided a particular name | Members | Health-plan sponsored fitness centers | 2012 | Ranged from 618 to 4766 participants 1413 to 9035 for control | Systematic review | Changes in physical activity and positive health outcomes, health utilisation |
 Maeng et al., 2013 | USA | Geisinger Health Plan | Members | MyHealth Rewards (health plan-driven employee health and wellness program) | 2007–2011 | Geisinger health plan employees as intervention and members as control | Cohort | Impact on cardiovascular event rate and health costs |
 Henry et al., 2016 | USA | Kaiser Permanente | Members | Internet based health promotion | from December 2014 to March 2015 | 838,638 participants Mean age = 49.5% female = 48.9% | Retrospective cohort | Reducing care gaps on haemoglobin A1c testing, pneumonia vaccination, and cancer screenings |
 Frost et al., 2018 | USA | Kaiser Permanente | Community | Physical activity | 2014–2015 | 148 participants No gender profile at individual level % female at school level = 50% | Pre and post evaluation study | Participation in physical activity and changes in physical activity |
 Cheadle et al., 2018 | USA | Kaiser Permanente | Community | Healthy eating, Active living | 2011–2015 | 1300 residents from HEAL Zones (intervention) 1300 residents from outside of HEAL Zone (Control) | Cohort -pre and post design | Changes in food and physical activity behaviours |
 McGill et al., 2020 | Australia | Not specified (In PHI setting) | Members | The Healthy Weight for Life (HWFL) | August 2019–August 2020 | 490 participants | Cohort- Pre and Post design | Changes in anthropometric and lifestyle risk behaviours |
 Coombes, 1998 | USA | Kaiser Permanente and Oxford health Plan | Members | Malnutrition screening | Not provided | Not provided | cross-sectional survey | Identification of risk patients |
 Schwartz et al., 2010b | USA | An independent licensee of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (Hawaii Medical Service Association) | Member | wellness and disease prevention program (HealthPass) | 2002–2005 | 11,883 participants (intervention) 154,327 (control) Mean age = 51.7 50.7 (control) %female = 58.3% (intervention) 52.3% (control) | Retrospective cohort | Healthcare costs |
Studies on group medical appointments | ||||||||
 Beck et al., 1997 | USA | Kaiser Permanente | Members | Group outpatient medical appointment | 1 year | 321 participants with chronic diseases (intervention groups = 160 and usual care = 161) Mean age = 72 (intervention) Mean age = 75 (control) | RCT | Health service utilisation and cost, self-reported health status, and satisfaction |
 Hinchman et al., 2006 | USA | Kaiser Permanente | Community | Childhood obesity | 8 weeks to 6 months (2001–2003) | 135 participants % Female = 55% Mean age not provided Aged from 11 to 17 years | Retrospective cohort | Body fat reduction, waist size, BMI |