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Table 1 Summary of primary studies on indirect costs of SSTIs in the pediatric population

From: Indirect costs associated with skin infectious disease in children: a systematic review

Reference

Country

Study Design

Skin Disease (Group)

Pathogen

Sample Size

Age

Indirect costs and related variables collected

Lee et al. (2013) [8]

USA

Economic simulation model

Impetigo, cellulitis, and folliculitis (Bacterial infection)

CA-MRSA

NA

0–15 years

Total productivity loss, including absenteeism and mortality, associated with CA-MRSA

Rice et al. (1992) [28]

USA

Cost-effectiveness analysis based on head-to-head randomized clinical trial

Impetigo

(Bacterial infection)

Staphylococcus aureus

Group A Streptococcus

93

3 months-16 years

Average cost of school days; average wage of workdays.

For Erythromycin or Mupirocin treatment

Number of school days lost; number of workdays lost; total cost of school days lost; and total cost of workdays lost.

Wright et al. (2013) [6]

USA

Retrospective comparative case review (cost-effectiveness analysis)

Subcutaneous abscesses

(Bacterial infection)

Staphylococcus aureus

344

< 18 years

Traditional packing and Minimally invasive treatment:

Number of workdays lost; total hospital indirect cost.

Díez-Domingo et al. (2003) [10]

Spain

Retrospective chart review

Chickenpox

(Viral infection)

Varicella-zoster virus

683

0–14 years

Average school days lost; average workdays lost; unit cost by day off work; average cost for productivity loss; and babysitter cost.

Ferson et al. (1998) [29]

Australia

Retrospective chart review

Chickenpox

(Viral infection)

Varicella-zoster virus

174

8 months-5 years

Number of workdays lost for mothers and fathers; average wage for parents; total cost for productivity loss for mothers and fathers; average cost of childcare by a nanny.

Giglio et al. (2018) [30]

Argentina

Multi-center, retrospective chart review

Chickenpox

(Viral infection)

Varicella-zoster virus

150

1–12 years

Number of workdays lost for outpatients and inpatients; total cost for productivity loss for outpatients and inpatients; and total annual indirect cost (all cases).

Hsu et al. (2003) [25]

Taiwan

Cost-benefit analysis

Chickenpox

(Viral infection)

Varicella-zoster virus

NA

0–20 years

Number of workdays lost, cost unit per day off work; total cost for productivity loss, estimation of total indirect cost reduction for vaccination (all cases).

Lieu et al. (1994) [31]

USA

Retrospective chart review

Chickenpox

(Viral infection)

Varicella-zoster virus

179

0–6 years

Number of workdays lost for mothers and fathers; average school days lost; total cost for productivity loss for mothers and fathers; average cost for productivity loss per child; and babysitter median cost.

Meszner et al. (2017) [33]

Hungary

Multi-center, retrospective chart review

Chickenpox

(Viral infection)

Varicella-zoster virus

156

1–12 years

Number of workdays lost for outpatients and inpatients; total cost for productivity loss for outpatients and inpatients; and total annual indirect cost (all cases).

Scuffham et al. (1999) [27]

New Zealand

Cost-effectiveness analysis

Chickenpox

(Viral infection)

Varicella-zoster virus

NA

< 19 years

Number of workdays lost for outpatients and inpatients; average wage for parents; total cost for productivity loss for outpatients and inpatients; and average cost-savings due to vaccination from avoided work-loss.

Valentim et al. (2008) [26]

Brazil

Cost-effectiveness analysis

Chickenpox

(Viral infection)

Varicella-zoster virus

NA

0–15 years

Number of workdays lost for outpatients and inpatients; average wage for parents; and total cost for productivity loss for outpatients and inpatients.

Wysocki et al. (2018) [32]

Poland

Multi-center, retrospective chart review

Chickenpox

(Viral infection)

Varicella-zoster virus

150

1–12 years

Number of workdays lost for outpatients and inpatients; total cost for productivity loss for outpatients and inpatients; and total annual indirect cost (all cases).

Gur et al. (2009) [14]

USA

Cost-effectiveness analysis

Head lice infestation

(Parasitic infestation)

Pediculus humanus capitis

NA

3–12 years

Number of school days lost; time of children home care/formal care, time lost due to medical visits and shopping treatment; average wage for parents; average wage of formal care; total home care cost/formal care; and total cost for productivity loss.

  1. CA-MRSA Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus