Table 3 Prevalence of conventional and CM health service and treatment use associated with mental health diagnosis

Conventional health care

Medical doctor

Hospital doctor

300 (21.8)

268 (41.8)

< 0.001*

(0.21)

393 (24.3)

175 (43.5)

< 0.001*

(0.17)

393 (24.3)

175 (43.5)

< 0.001*

(0.18)

392 (23.8)

176 (47.3)

< 0.001*

(0.20)

General practitioner

1137 (82.5)

619 (96.6)

< 0.001*

(0.194)

1367 (84.5)

389 (96.8)

< 0.001*

(0.15)

1382 (84.7)

374 (96.8)

< 0.001*

(0.14)

1396 (84.8)

360 (96.8)

< 0.001*

(0.14)

Specialist doctor

467 (33.9)

372 (58)

< 0.001*

(0.23)

618 (38.2)

221 (55)

< 0.001*

(0.14)

618 (38.2)

221 (55)

< 0.001*

(0.18)

607 (36.9)

232 (62.4)

< 0.001*

(0.20)

Allied health

Pharmacist

980 (71.1)

564 (88)

< 0.001*

(0.19)

1186 (73.3)

358 (89.1)

< 0.001*

(0.15)

1196 (73.3)

348 (89.9)

< 0.001*

(0.15)

1211 (73.5)

333 (89.5)

< 0.001*

(0.15)

Physiotherapist

263 (19.1)

172 (26.8)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

330 (20.4)

105 (26.1)

0.013*

(0.06)

334 (20.5)

101 (26.1)

0.015*

(0.05)

329 (20)

106 (28.5)

< 0.001*

(0.08)

Psychologist/

counsellor

111 (8.1)

307 (47.9)

< 0.001*

(0.46)

196 (12.1)

222 (55.2)

< 0.001*

(0.43)

199 (12.2)

219 (56.6)

< 0.001*

(0.43)

230 (14)

188 (50.5)

< 0.001*

(0.35)

Community nurse

104 (7.5)

100 (15.6)

< 0.001*

(0.12)

139 (8.6)

65 (16.2)

< 0.001*

(0.10)

143 (8.8)

61 (15.8)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

130 (7.9)

74 (19.9)

< 0.001*

(0.15)

Pharmaceuticals

Over-the-counter

853 (61.9)

496 (77.4)

< 0.001*

(0.15)

1045 (64.6)

304 (75.6)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

1046 (64.1)

303 (78.3)

< 0.001*

(0.12)

1058 (64.2)

291 (78.2)

< 0.001*

(0.12)

Prescription only

921 (66.8)

581 (90.6)

< 0.001*

(0.25)

1132 (70)

370 (92)

< 0.001*

(0.20)

1143 (70)

359 (92.8)

< 0.001*

(0.21)

1163 (70.6)

339 (91.1)

< 0.001*

(0.18)

Complementary health care

CM practitioner

Acupuncturist

92 (6.7)

67 (10.5)

0.003*

(0.07)

122 (7.5)

37 (9.2)

0.269

125 (7.7)

34 (8.8)

0.460

114 (6.9)

45 (2.2)

0.001*

(0.07)

Aromatherapist

46 (3.3)

33 (5.1)

0.051

(0.04)

59 (3.6)

20 (5.0)

0.22

62 (3.8)

17 (4.4)

0.588

51 (3.1)

28 (7.5)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

Chiropractor

151 (11)

103 (16.1)

0.001*

(0.07)

196 (12.1)

58 (14.4)

0.212

195 (11.9)

59 (15.2)

0.079

180 (10.9)

74 (19.9)

< 0.001*

(0.11)

Homeopath

39 (2.8)

29 (4.5)

0.05*

(0.044)

51 (3.2)

17 (4.2)

0.285

57 (3.5)

11 (2.8)

0.524

42 (2.6)

26 (7)

< 0.001*

(0.10)

Massage therapist

265 (19.2)

153 (23.9)

0.017*

(0.05)

320 (19.8)

98 (24.4)

0.042*

(0.05)

329 (20.2)

89 (23)

0.215

323 (19.6)

95 (25.5)

0.011*

(0.06)

Naturopath

68 (4.9)

58 (9)

< 0.001*

(0.08)

92 (5.7)

34 (8.5)

0.04*

(0.05)

100 (6.1)

26 (6.7)

0.666

81 (4.9)

45 (12.1)

< 0.001*

(0.12)

Osteopath

62 (4.5)

48 (7.5)

0.006*

(0.06)

80 (4.9)

30 (7.5)

0.047*

(0.04)

91 (5.6)

19 (4.9)

0.604

77 (4.7)

33 (8.9)

0.001*

(0.07)

TCM practitioner

67 (4.9)

40 (6.2)

0.198

85 (5.3)

22 (5.5)

0.863

88 (5.4)

19 (4.9)

0.703

75 (4.6)

32 (8.6)

0.002*

(0.07)

Western herbalist

45 (3.3)

31 (4.8)

0.084

57 (3.5)

19 (4.7)

0.257

59 (3.6)

17 (4.4)

0.470

54 (3.3)

22 (5.9)

0.016*

(0.05)

Yoga teacher

113 (8.2)

67 (10.5)

0.098

134 (8.3)

46 (11.4)

0.047*

(0.04)

142 (8.7)

38 (9.8)

0.488

135 (8.2)

45 (12.1)

0.017*

(0.05)

Other CM practitioner

6 (0.4)

^

0.918

8 (0.5)

^

0.508

7 (0.4)

^

0.816

7 (0.4)

^

0.768

Any CM practitioner

454 (32.9)

272 (42.4)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

558 (34.5)

168 (41.8)

0.006*

(0.06)

567 (34.7)

159 (41.1)

0.019*

(0.05)

558 (33.9)

168 (45.2)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

CM products and practices

Aromatherapy oils

133 (9.7)

91 (14.2)

0.002*

(0.07)

159 (9.8)

65 (16.2)

< 0.001*

(0.08)

176 (10.8)

48 (12.4)

0.362

161 (9.8)

63 (16.9)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

Flower essences

102 (7.4)

49 (7.6)

0.847

119 (7.4)

32 (8.0)

0.682

128 (7.8)

23 (5.9)

0.201

119 (7.2)

32 98.6)

0.362

Homeopathy

97 (7)

41 (6.4)

0.595

111 (6.9)

27 (6.7)

0.916

120 (7.4)

18 (4.7)

0.058

110 (6.7)

28 (7.5)

0.558

Vitamin/mineral supplements

614

(44.6)

352

(54.9)

< 0.001*

(0.10)

746

(46.1)

220

(54.7)

0.002*

(0.07)

759

(46.5)

207

(53.5)

0.013*

(0.055)

763

(46.3)

203

(54.6)

0.004*

(0.06)

Western or Chinese herbal medicines

133 (9.7)

58 (9)

0.666

154 (9.5)

37 (9.2)

0.845

162 (9.9)

29 (7.5)

0.141

152 (9.2)

39 (10.5)

0.455

Any CM product

651 (47.2)

365 (56.9)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

786 (48.6)

230 (57.2)

0.002*

(0.07)

801 (49.1)

215 (55.6)

0.022*

(0.05)

806 (48.9)

210 (56.5)

0.009*

(0.06)

Relaxation/ meditation

183 (13.3)

137 (21.4)

< 0.001*

(0.10)

226 (14)

94 (23.4)

< 0.001*

(0.10)

232 (14.2)

88 (22.7)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

232 (14.1)

88 (23.7)

< 0.001*

(0.10)

Yoga, Tai Chi or Qi Gong

158 (11.5)

79 (12.3)

0.577

185 (11.4)

52 (12.9)

0.405

200 (12.3)

37 (9.6)

0.139

186 (11.3)

51 (13.7)

0.191

Any CM practice

227 (16.5)

150 (23.4)

< 0.001*

(0.08)

278 (17.2)

99 (24.6)

0.001*

(0.08)

285 (17.5

92 (23.8)

0.004*

(0.06)

281 (17.1)

96 (25.8)

< 0.001*

(0.09)

Any CM treatment (product or practice)

682 (49.5)

385 (60.1)

< 0.001*

(0.10)

826 (51.1)

241 (60)

0.001*

(0.07)

838 (51.3)

229 (59.2)

0.006*

(0.06)

842 (51.1)

225 (60.5)

0.001*

(0.07)

Any CM use (product or practice or practitioner consultation)

818 (59.4)

455 (71)

< 0.001*

(0.11)

991 (61.3)

282 (70.1)

0.001*

(0.07)

1002 (61.4)

271 (70)

0.002*

(0.07)

1006 (61.1)

267 (71.8)

< 0.001*

(0.09)