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Table 2 Predisposing characteristics, enabling factors and need variables distribution of total sample and clusters

From: Driving factors for the utilisation of healthcare services by people with osteoarthritis in Portugal: results from a nationwide population-based study

 

Determinants

Totala

n (%)

978 (100)

HighUsers

n (%)

343 (35.07)

GPUsers

n (%)

272 (27.80)

LowUsers

n (%)

363 (37.11)

p-value

Predisposing

Age

65.34 ± 11.30

65.18 ± 10.51

66.47 ± 10.35

64.74 ± 12.02

0.081b

Female sex

714 (73)

259 (75.5)

209 (76.8)

246 (67.8)

0.017c

Geographic Location

 North

255 (29.3)

105 (34.0)

60 (28.6)

81 (25.2)

< 0.001 c

 Centre

243 (27.9)

85 (27.2)

87 (36.1)

72 (22.4)

 Islands

127 (14.6)

32 (10.4)

21 (8.7)

74 (23.1)

 South

84 (9.6)

29 (9.4)

26 (10.8)

29 (9.0)

 Lisbon

162 (18.6)

59 (19.1)

38 (15.8)

65 (20.2)

Married or consensual union

619 (63.3)

222 (64.7)

165 (60.7)

232 (63.9)

0.556 c

Enabling

Years of Education

4.96 ± 3.32

5.05 ± 3.36

4.36 ± 3.18

5.32 ± 3.32

< 0.001b

 < 4 years of Education

247 (25.3)

79 (23.1)

98 (36.0)

70 (19.3)

< 0.001c

Employment status

    

0.006 c

 Employed (part-time OR full-time)

145 (16.6)

42 (13.5)

31 (12.9)

72 (22.9)

 

 Retired

634 (72.4)

222 (71.4)

185 (76.7)

228 (70.2)

 

 Unemployed

68 (7.8)

31 (10.0)

18 (7.5)

19 (5.8)

 

 Temporarily disabled

17 (1.9)

11 (3.5)

4 (1.7)

2 (0.6)

 

 Othersd

12 (1.4)

5 (1.6)

3 (1.3)

4 (1.2)

 

NHS as only health system

763 (78.0)

236 (74.9)

230 (79.3)

297 (79.6)

0.003c

Need

Physical function (HAQ)

0.76 ± 0.69

0.88 ± 0.66

0.77 ± 0.67

0.47 ± 0.59

< 0.001b

HRQoL (EQ-5D-3L)

0.62 ± 0.27

0.57 ± 0.27

0.61 ± 0.26

0.73 ± 0.25

< 0.001b

BMI (kg/m2)

29.54 ± 5.06

29.71 ± 4.77

29.69 ± 5.14

29.27 ± 4.95

0.366b

 Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2)

2 (0.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (0,6)

0.311c

 Normal weight (18.5–24.99 kg/m2)

156 (17.2)

59 (15.2)

40 (16.1)

67 (19.9)

 Overweight (25–29.99 kg/m2)

379 (41.8)

135 (41.8)

110 (44.4)

134 (39.9)

 Obese (≥30 kg/m2)

370 (40.8)

139 (43.0)

98 (39.5)

133 (39.6)

Anxiety (HADS-A)

6.86 ± 4.15

7.08 ± 4.20

7.54 ± 4.23

5.85 ± 3.94

< 0.001b

Depression (HADS-D)

6.09 ± 4.30

5.74 ± 3.96

6.59 ± 4.21

4.94 ± 3.82

0.001b

Number of Comorbidities

4.47 ± 2.44

4.48 ± 2.42

5.11 ± 2.54

3.65 ± 2.19

< 0.001b

Daily alcohol intake

199 (20.4)

70 (20.5)

53 (19.5)

76 (20.9)

0.077c

Active smoker

71 (7.3)

25 (7.3)

16 (5.9)

30 (8.3)

0.519c

Ex-smoker

182 (17.9)

59 (18.6)

38 (14.8)

65 (19.5)

0.312c

Regular physical activity

201 (20.6)

58 (17.0)

41 (15.1)

102 (28.1)

< 0.001c

  1. Categorical variables are presented as n (%); continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation
  2. NHS National Health System, GP General Practitioner, HRQoL Health Related Quality of Life, EQ-5D-3L EuroQol with five dimensions and three levels, HAQ Health Assessment Questionnaire, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety subscale, HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression subscale
  3. aSample size is not constant due to participants with validated data in the following variables the following: Geographic location (n = 871), Years of education (n = 977), Employment status (n = 876), EQ-5D-3L score (n = 965), Alcohol intake (n = 977), BMI (n = 971), Regular physical activity (n = 977)
  4. bKusskall-Wallis test
  5. c Chi-squared test
  6. dThis category includes participants who are students, domestic workers or that lives on revenues
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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