| Reference level | Comparator level | Odds ratio | 95% confidence intervals | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person-related factors | |||||
 Individual responsible for the medication error | Nurse or midwife | Doctor | 0.446 | 0.407–0.489 | < 0.001 |
Nurse or midwife | Pharmacist | 0.286 | 0.236–0.347 | < 0.001 | |
Nurse or midwife | Patient or family | 0.761 | 0.586–0.987 | 0.039 | |
 Involvement of patient or family in identifying medication error | No | Yes | 1.024 | 0.896–1.170 | 0.730 |
 Insufficient counselling of patient | No | Yes | 2.619 | 1.943–3.529 | < 0.001 |
 Age of patient | Younger than 65 years | 65 years and above | 1.504 | 1.390–1.627 | < 0.001 |
Environment-related factors | |||||
 Patient movement across transitions of care | No | Yes | 1.068 | 0.878–1.298 | 0.511 |
 Interruptions | No | Yes | 1.940 | 1.382–2.725 | < 0.001 |
 Covering personnel | No | Yes | 1.855 | 1.396–2.464 | < 0.001 |
 Medication checking | Single checked | Double checked | 1.083 | 0.993–1.180 | 0.071 |
Communication-related factors | |||||
 Misread or unread order | No | Yes | 2.562 | 2.333–2.812 | < 0.001 |
 Informal bedside conversations | No | Yes | 1.003 | 0.908–1.109 | 0.951 |
 Error related to clinical handover | No | Yes | 1.433 | 1.054–1.948 | 0.022 |
 Error related to prescribing processes using electronic systems | No | Yes | 0.386 | 0.325–0.458 | < 0.001 |
 Error related to electronic dispensing processes | No | Yes | 0.210 | 0.122–0.362 | < 0.001 |
 Error related to use of electronic systems to administer the medication | No | Yes | 0.936 | 0.740–1.183 | 0.579 |